{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7091441857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns66487.2025.11194994","title":"Adversarial Graph Perturbation for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection","display_name":"Adversarial Graph Perturbation for Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7091441857","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns66487.2025.11194994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns66487.2025.11194994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns66487.2025.11194994","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Qi Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiamin Deng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiamin Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shichang Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shichang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hangzhou Dianzi University,Department of Computer Science"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hangzhou Dianzi University,Department of Computer Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guyue Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090971","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cf0ab87","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guyue Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Southeast University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shan Jiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhe Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University,Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4804,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93105632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":true,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.8601999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.8601999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.06109999865293503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.010099999606609344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immutability","display_name":"Immutability","score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perturbation","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability-assessment","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","score":0.34299999475479126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.70660001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.558899998664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.44179999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776126399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3942906","display_name":"Immutability","level":3,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3741999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177918212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q803623","display_name":"Perturbation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.3732999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167063184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1400839","display_name":"Vulnerability assessment","level":3,"score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.2578999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.25040000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778403875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20312394","display_name":"Adversarial machine learning","level":3,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns66487.2025.11194994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns66487.2025.11194994","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539190473","https://openalex.org/W2601306580","https://openalex.org/W2805827286","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2970809537","https://openalex.org/W2982275082","https://openalex.org/W3003036212","https://openalex.org/W3035733952","https://openalex.org/W3081203761","https://openalex.org/W3152617045","https://openalex.org/W3199366497","https://openalex.org/W4206790491","https://openalex.org/W4289533944","https://openalex.org/W4296340307","https://openalex.org/W4322627364","https://openalex.org/W4360996324","https://openalex.org/W4362663576","https://openalex.org/W4393663167","https://openalex.org/W4400277696","https://openalex.org/W4402897152","https://openalex.org/W4403294788","https://openalex.org/W4405601666","https://openalex.org/W4407371996","https://openalex.org/W4408274360","https://openalex.org/W4408858378","https://openalex.org/W4409014348","https://openalex.org/W4409156150","https://openalex.org/W4409642540","https://openalex.org/W4409760753","https://openalex.org/W4409882817","https://openalex.org/W4411055186"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Blockchain":[0],"technology":[1],"has":[2],"enabled":[3],"decentralized":[4],"applications":[5],"through":[6],"smart":[7,12,143],"contracts.":[8],"However,":[9],"vulnerabilities":[10,72],"in":[11],"contracts":[13],"and":[14,32,76,102],"their":[15],"immutability":[16],"can":[17],"lead":[18],"to":[19,58,68,79,98,122,138],"severe":[20],"financial":[21],"losses.":[22],"Traditional":[23],"vulnerability":[24,145],"detection":[25,60,125],"methods":[26],"often":[27],"ignore":[28],"the":[29,81,100,105,109,117,131,140],"unique":[30],"structures":[31],"characteristic":[33],"patterns":[34,85],"of":[35,86,104,133,142],"different":[36],"vulnerabilities.":[37,89],"To":[38],"overcome":[39],"these":[40],"limitations,":[41],"this":[42],"paper":[43],"proposes":[44],"a":[45,93],"novel":[46],"vulnerability-specific":[47,135],"adversarial":[48,136],"training":[49,137],"frame-work":[50],"based":[51],"on":[52],"Degree-Free":[53],"Graph":[54],"Convolutional":[55],"Networks":[56],"(DR-GCN)":[57],"enhance":[59,99],"robustness.":[61],"Specifically,":[62],"our":[63,113],"method":[64],"utilizes":[65],"feature-only":[66],"perturbations":[67,78],"address":[69],"feature-sensitive":[70],"reentrancy":[71],"while":[73],"leveraging":[74],"structure":[75],"feature":[77],"capture":[80],"complex":[82],"control":[83],"flow":[84],"infinite":[87],"loop":[88],"Furthermore,":[90],"we":[91],"develop":[92],"dynamic":[94],"perturbation":[95],"scheduling":[96],"mechanism":[97],"generalization":[101],"robustness":[103,141],"model.":[106],"Compared":[107],"with":[108],"baseline":[110],"DR-GCN":[111],"model,":[112],"proposed":[114],"framework":[115],"improves":[116],"F1":[118],"score":[119],"by":[120],"4%":[121],"12%,":[123],"improving":[124],"performance":[126],"significantly.":[127],"This":[128],"work":[129],"demonstrates":[130],"feasibility":[132],"applying":[134],"improve":[139],"contract":[144],"detection.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-29T06:17:43.578629","created_date":"2025-10-16T00:00:00"}