{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4387969880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns59707.2023.10288961","title":"Protecting Control Commands Using Low-Cost EM Sensors in the Smart Grid","display_name":"Protecting Control Commands Using Low-Cost EM Sensors in the Smart Grid","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4387969880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns59707.2023.10288961"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns59707.2023.10288961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cns59707.2023.10288961","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010750132","display_name":"Kylie McClanahan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7809-6554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kylie McClanahan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arkansas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101021320","display_name":"Jingyao Fan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyao Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100670303","display_name":"Qinghua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-6678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78715868","display_name":"University of Arkansas at Fayetteville","ror":"https://ror.org/05jbt9m15","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinghua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arkansas"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arkansas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78715868"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102287047","display_name":"Guohong Cao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130769515","display_name":"Pennsylvania State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04p491231","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohong Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pennsylvania State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pennsylvania State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130769515"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12146","display_name":"Power Line Communications and Noise","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6608479022979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5322679281234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.4721258580684662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4452435374259949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.425483763217926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17865902185440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13383662700653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.0745340883731842}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6608479022979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5322679281234741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.4721258580684662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4452435374259949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.425483763217926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17865902185440063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13383662700653076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0745340883731842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns59707.2023.10288961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cns59707.2023.10288961","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1530430827","https://openalex.org/W1595245993","https://openalex.org/W2001647331","https://openalex.org/W2166159416","https://openalex.org/W2205904939","https://openalex.org/W2304769060","https://openalex.org/W2321407374","https://openalex.org/W2554462191","https://openalex.org/W2578689470","https://openalex.org/W2596521981","https://openalex.org/W2625110865","https://openalex.org/W2774899724","https://openalex.org/W2777833188","https://openalex.org/W2885205990","https://openalex.org/W2885236289","https://openalex.org/W2900034845","https://openalex.org/W2905025879","https://openalex.org/W2908172738","https://openalex.org/W2947535144","https://openalex.org/W2963012457","https://openalex.org/W3008932301","https://openalex.org/W3026309498","https://openalex.org/W3118867125","https://openalex.org/W3159817879","https://openalex.org/W4205251354","https://openalex.org/W4232411262","https://openalex.org/W4247881240","https://openalex.org/W4294811472","https://openalex.org/W6755706538"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052","https://openalex.org/W4402327032","https://openalex.org/W2382290278"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cybersecurity":[0],"has":[1],"become":[2],"an":[3,12,51,58],"increasing":[4],"priority":[5],"for":[6,23,110],"the":[7,89,101,138,152,160,179,182],"smart":[8,183],"grid.":[9,184],"While":[10],"playing":[11],"important":[13],"role":[14],"in":[15,60,63],"fault":[16,42],"isolation,":[17],"protective":[18,26,79,102],"relays":[19,27,80],"are":[20],"vulnerable":[21],"candidates":[22],"attacks.":[24],"Compromised":[25],"can":[28,170],"make":[29],"wrong":[30],"control":[31,75,98],"decisions,":[32],"i.e.,":[33],"tripping":[34,46],"a":[35,45,93,118,127,133],"circuit":[36],"breaker":[37],"when":[38,48],"there":[39,49],"is":[40,50],"no":[41],"or":[43],"suppressing":[44],"command":[47],"actual":[52],"fault.":[53],"Such":[54],"attacks":[55],"may":[56],"cause":[57],"interruption":[59],"operation":[61],"or,":[62],"severe":[64],"cases,":[65],"cascading":[66],"failures.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69,105],"paper,":[70],"we":[71,116],"focus":[72],"on":[73],"securing":[74],"commands":[76,99],"associated":[77],"with":[78],"by":[81],"using":[82],"low-cost":[83],"electromagnetic":[84],"(EM)":[85],"sensors":[86],"to":[87,125,158],"infer":[88,159],"current":[90,139],"level":[91],"of":[92,104,142,181],"power":[94,106,129,144],"line":[95],"and":[96,132,146,172],"validate":[97],"from":[100,113],"relay":[103],"line.":[107],"To":[108],"account":[109],"EM":[111,155],"interference":[112],"neighboring":[114,143],"lines,":[115],"develop":[117],"deterministic":[119],"solution":[120,135],"that":[121,136,167],"solves":[122],"linear":[123],"equations":[124],"derive":[126],"target":[128,153,161],"line\u2019s":[130,154,162],"current,":[131],"probabilistic":[134],"predicts":[137],"value":[140],"distribution":[141],"lines":[145],"leverages":[147],"them":[148],"as":[149,151],"well":[150],"sensor":[156],"measurement":[157],"current.":[163],"Evaluation":[164],"results":[165],"show":[166],"our":[168],"solutions":[169],"effectively":[171],"quickly":[173],"detect":[174],"manipulated":[175],"commands,":[176],"thus":[177],"improving":[178],"security":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}