{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3047668054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns48642.2020.9162246","title":"TRUST.IO: Protecting Physical Interfaces on Cyber-physical Systems","display_name":"TRUST.IO: Protecting Physical Interfaces on Cyber-physical Systems","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3047668054","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns48642.2020.9162246","mag":"3047668054"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns48642.2020.9162246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns48642.2020.9162246","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091847839","display_name":"Chad Spensky","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chad Spensky","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071486684","display_name":"Aravind Machiry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5124-6818"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aravind Machiry","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042334814","display_name":"Marcel Busch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6632-7355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcel Busch","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030030910","display_name":"Kevin Leach","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4001-3442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan\u2013Ann Arbor","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Leach","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Michigan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050829589","display_name":"Rick Housley","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rick Housley","raw_affiliation_strings":["United Technologies"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United Technologies","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022177364","display_name":"Christopher Kruegel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5140-3414"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Kruegel","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbar","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075685499","display_name":"Giovanni Vigna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3422-5369"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Vigna","raw_affiliation_strings":["UC Santa Barbar"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Santa Barbar","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091847839"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6796,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76823975,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7651782035827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.7278894782066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.6389754414558411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5930901765823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5544779896736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5491266250610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5227227807044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5144479274749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interface","display_name":"Interface (matter)","score":0.47621282935142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4261247515678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.31243759393692017}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7651782035827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.7278894782066345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.6389754414558411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5930901765823364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5544779896736145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5491266250610352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5227227807044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5144479274749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.47621282935142517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4261247515678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.31243759393692017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157915830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2928001","display_name":"Bubble","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129307140","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6795880","display_name":"Maximum bubble pressure method","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns48642.2020.9162246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns48642.2020.9162246","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:escholarship.org/ark:/13030/qt7tg2h6vr","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7tg2h6vr","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400115","display_name":"eScholarship (California Digital Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2801248553","host_organization_name":"California Digital Library","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801248553"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44853875","https://openalex.org/W198928148","https://openalex.org/W1429241971","https://openalex.org/W1968465951","https://openalex.org/W1987221145","https://openalex.org/W2024675214","https://openalex.org/W2046036463","https://openalex.org/W2060992388","https://openalex.org/W2089448621","https://openalex.org/W2096224818","https://openalex.org/W2099613071","https://openalex.org/W2101079350","https://openalex.org/W2109219878","https://openalex.org/W2109430395","https://openalex.org/W2153256720","https://openalex.org/W2157078218","https://openalex.org/W2167804035","https://openalex.org/W2296604071","https://openalex.org/W2535751405","https://openalex.org/W2561791320","https://openalex.org/W2579632738","https://openalex.org/W2605883969","https://openalex.org/W2664781091","https://openalex.org/W2686848947","https://openalex.org/W2748868501","https://openalex.org/W2752493903","https://openalex.org/W2771494169","https://openalex.org/W2774169481","https://openalex.org/W2775534077","https://openalex.org/W2809340493","https://openalex.org/W2831467141","https://openalex.org/W2876125547","https://openalex.org/W2951084996","https://openalex.org/W3002132733","https://openalex.org/W3022385217","https://openalex.org/W3104862556","https://openalex.org/W4242464041","https://openalex.org/W4252761885","https://openalex.org/W6608070349","https://openalex.org/W6628351959","https://openalex.org/W6676126365","https://openalex.org/W6730803111","https://openalex.org/W6739680232","https://openalex.org/W6743493502"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cyber-physical":[0],"systems":[1],"(CPSes)":[2],"have":[3],"been":[4],"replacing":[5],"their":[6,45],"mechanical":[7],"counterparts":[8],"in":[9],"many":[10,39],"safety":[11],"and":[12,19,53,67,175,206,212],"securitycritical":[13],"applications":[14],"(e.g.,":[15,106,133,165],"door":[16],"locks,":[17],"automobiles,":[18],"critical":[20,162],"infrastructure).":[21],"However,":[22],"this":[23,57],"paradigm":[24],"shift":[25],"has":[26],"introduced":[27],"a":[28,63,102,107,130,134,190],"new":[29],"software-based":[30,75],"attack":[31],"vector":[32],"into":[33],"these":[34,41,70,123,161],"historically":[35],"isolated":[36],"systems.":[37],"Since":[38],"of":[40],"devices":[42],"are":[43,48],"networked,":[44],"physical":[46,71,163],"interfaces":[47,72,95],"vulnerable":[49],"to":[50,146,158,201],"both":[51,204],"remote":[52,131],"local":[54],"attackers.":[55],"In":[56],"work,":[58],"we":[59],"present":[60],"TRUST.":[61],"IO,":[62],"framework":[64],"that":[65,81,117,142,160,187,195],"automatically,":[66],"transparently,":[68],"hardens":[69],"against":[73],"all":[74],"exploits.":[76],"More":[77],"precisely,":[78],"TRUST.IO":[79,113,152,196],"ensures":[80],"the":[82,85,97,115,147,178],"software":[83],"on":[84],"device":[86,186],"cannot":[87],"access":[88],"any":[89],"protected":[90],"general":[91],"purpose":[92],"input/output":[93],"(GPIO)":[94],"unless":[96],"command":[98,179],"was":[99,180],"initiated":[100],"from":[101],"trusted":[103],"external":[104,185],"client":[105],"key,":[108,136],"phone,":[109],"or":[110,139,168],"centralized":[111],"server).":[112],"exploits":[114],"fact":[116],"users":[118,127],"rarely":[119],"interact":[120,128],"directly":[121],"with":[122,129,208],"embedded":[124,149,155],"devices.":[125],"Instead,":[126],"system":[132],"car":[135],"smart":[137],"hub,":[138],"control":[140],"system)":[141],"ultimately":[143],"issues":[144],"commands":[145],"single-purpose":[148],"device.":[150],"Thus,":[151],"leverages":[153],"modern":[154],"processor":[156],"features":[157],"ensure":[159],"interactions":[164],"actuating":[166],"motors":[167],"reading":[169],"sensors)":[170],"will":[171],"be":[172,198],"performed":[173],"if":[174,177],"only":[176],"issued":[181],"by":[182],"an":[183],"authorized":[184],"can":[188,197],"satisfy":[189],"cryptographic":[191],"challenge.":[192],"We":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"easily":[199],"applied":[200],"existing":[202],"CPSes,":[203],"bare-metal":[205],"Linux-based,":[207],"minimal":[209,213],"runtime":[210],"overhead":[211],"code":[214],"modifications.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}