{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2969788497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2019.8802674","title":"I Know What You Enter on Gear VR","display_name":"I Know What You Enter on Gear VR","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2969788497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2019.8802674","mag":"2969788497"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns.2019.8802674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2019.8802674","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044255077","display_name":"Zhen Ling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9691-8702"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047487742","display_name":"Zupei Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zupei Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Massachusetts, Lowell"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts, Lowell","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100418499","display_name":"Chen Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8364-5749"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045275291","display_name":"Junzhou Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-4367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junzhou Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southeast University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southeast University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002139930","display_name":"Wei Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4522-7340"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towson University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towson University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063375840","display_name":"Xinwen Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2391-7789"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinwen Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Central, Florida"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Central, Florida","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93807811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"241","last_page":"249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11687","display_name":"Teleoperation and Haptic Systems","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8279010057449341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.6859447360038757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headset","display_name":"Headset","score":0.6742343902587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyroscope","display_name":"Gyroscope","score":0.6071102619171143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6049581170082092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.5756175518035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.5309032201766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5228836536407471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4896290898323059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4482828676700592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.44516533613204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/touchpad","display_name":"Touchpad","score":0.4337999224662781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.41451898217201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.39087268710136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.14024481177330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.12465840578079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08226168155670166}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8279010057449341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.6859447360038757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780657452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1193170","display_name":"Headset","level":2,"score":0.6742343902587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158488048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483400","display_name":"Gyroscope","level":2,"score":0.6071102619171143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6049581170082092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.5756175518035889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.5309032201766968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5228836536407471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4896290898323059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4482828676700592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44516533613204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43199551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20137","display_name":"Touchpad","level":2,"score":0.4337999224662781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.41451898217201233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.39087268710136414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.14024481177330017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.12465840578079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08226168155670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns.2019.8802674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2019.8802674","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2032418235","https://openalex.org/W2049981393","https://openalex.org/W2074367177","https://openalex.org/W2124885613","https://openalex.org/W2125186487","https://openalex.org/W2138777805","https://openalex.org/W2165053603","https://openalex.org/W2246690291","https://openalex.org/W2468613895","https://openalex.org/W2477617003","https://openalex.org/W2579193977","https://openalex.org/W2741575716","https://openalex.org/W2750999563","https://openalex.org/W2885553494","https://openalex.org/W3151647019","https://openalex.org/W4250490597","https://openalex.org/W6680568356","https://openalex.org/W6719804167"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2356006086","https://openalex.org/W2545168295","https://openalex.org/W1973973903","https://openalex.org/W2365897603","https://openalex.org/W4234814094","https://openalex.org/W2156308897","https://openalex.org/W4303613760","https://openalex.org/W2361871310","https://openalex.org/W2417246878","https://openalex.org/W1982154684"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"reality":[1],"(VR)":[2],"techniques":[3,75],"offer":[4],"users":[5],"immersive":[6],"experiences":[7],"in":[8,50,83,117],"a":[9,51,59,63,66,88],"virtual":[10,52,95,114],"environment":[11],"(VE)":[12],"where":[13],"they":[14],"can":[15,155],"enjoy":[16],"gaming,":[17],"training,":[18],"shopping":[19],"and":[20,25,41,69,108,132,161,175,190],"social":[21],"activities.":[22],"However,":[23],"security":[24],"privacy":[26],"issues":[27],"of":[28,105,112,143,150,192],"VR":[29],"are":[30,76,184],"rarely":[31],"investigated.":[32],"In":[33,54,121],"this":[34],"paper,":[35],"we":[36,126,154],"introduce":[37],"novel":[38],"computer":[39,56,73],"vision-based":[40,57],"motion":[42,123],"sensor-based":[43,124],"side":[44,194],"channel":[45,195],"attacks":[46],"to":[47,78,90,139,186],"infer":[48,162],"keystrokes":[49],"environment.":[53],"the":[55,80,85,94,98,103,106,110,113,122,136,144,151,157,163,168,171,176,188],"attack,":[58,125],"stereo":[60],"camera":[61],"records":[62],"user":[64,86],"maneuvering":[65],"pointing":[67,115,137,145,152],"device":[68,138],"inputting":[70],"passwords.":[71],"Various":[72],"vision":[74],"used":[77],"detect":[79],"touching":[81,119],"frames":[82],"which":[84],"taps":[87],"touchpad":[89],"enter":[91],"keys":[92,165],"on":[93],"keyboard":[96],"within":[97],"VE.":[99],"We":[100],"then":[101],"estimate":[102],"pose":[104],"headset":[107],"derive":[109,156],"orientation":[111,141,148],"ray":[116],"each":[118],"frame.":[120],"exploit":[127],"sensors":[128],"including":[129],"accelerometer,":[130],"gyroscope":[131],"magnetometer":[133],"built":[134],"inside":[135],"retrieve":[140],"angles":[142,149,160,174],"device.":[146],"With":[147],"device,":[153],"empirical":[158,172],"rotation":[159,173],"clicked":[164],"by":[166],"assessing":[167],"similarity":[169],"between":[170,179],"reference":[177],"ones":[178],"keys.":[180],"Extensive":[181],"real-world":[182],"experiments":[183],"performed":[185],"demonstrate":[187],"feasibility":[189],"effectiveness":[191],"these":[193],"attacks.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
