{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2777693853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2017.8228626","title":"Secret key distribution leveraging color shift over visible light channel","display_name":"Secret key distribution leveraging color shift over visible light channel","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2777693853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2017.8228626","mag":"2777693853"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns.2017.8228626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2017.8228626","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu/bitstreams/7f579e15-5061-4077-ba55-583ef77af20a/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100334703","display_name":"Hongbo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1162-839X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55769427","display_name":"Indiana University \u2013 Purdue University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/05gxnyn08","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55769427","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of CIGT, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of CIGT, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55769427"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100461646","display_name":"Bo Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3603-6617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023218221","display_name":"Cong Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7599-202X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100394750","display_name":"Yingying Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3994-766X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108468826","display_name":"Stevens Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02z43xh36","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingying Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of ECE, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of ECE, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108468826"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1592,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.54155717,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"192","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8297272324562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6380154490470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6323989629745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visible-light-communication","display_name":"Visible light communication","score":0.6210968494415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.5403962135314941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/barcode","display_name":"Barcode","score":0.5288568139076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.5145329833030701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.48850834369659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camera-phone","display_name":"Camera phone","score":0.46144217252731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-transmission","display_name":"Data transmission","score":0.43289926648139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.43172454833984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4157441258430481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34898263216018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.34584149718284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22404319047927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.21006536483764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.1680440604686737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-emitting-diode","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","score":0.14299127459526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08397138118743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.08103296160697937}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8297272324562073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6380154490470886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6323989629745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160487672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1426313","display_name":"Visible light communication","level":3,"score":0.6210968494415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.5403962135314941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776841711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856","display_name":"Barcode","level":2,"score":0.5288568139076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.5145329833030701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.48850834369659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147942929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210820","display_name":"Camera phone","level":2,"score":0.46144217252731323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557945733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q389772","display_name":"Data transmission","level":2,"score":0.43289926648139954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.43172454833984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4157441258430481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34898263216018677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.34584149718284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22404319047927856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.21006536483764648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.1680440604686737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176666156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25504","display_name":"Light-emitting diode","level":2,"score":0.14299127459526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08397138118743896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.08103296160697937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns.2017.8228626","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2017.8228626","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.iupui.edu:1805/18013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1805/18013","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu/bitstreams/7f579e15-5061-4077-ba55-583ef77af20a/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400987","display_name":"IUScholarWorks (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Author","raw_type":"Conference proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.01RUT_INST:11685398680004646","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholarship.libraries.rutgers.edu/esploro/outputs/conferenceProceeding/Secret-key-distribution-leveraging-color-shift/991031758591704646","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference Proceedings"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu:1805/18013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1805/18013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400987","display_name":"IUScholarWorks (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Author","raw_type":"Conference proceedings"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:scholarworks.iupui.edu:1805/18013","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1805/18013","pdf_url":"https://scholarworks.indianapolis.iu.edu/bitstreams/7f579e15-5061-4077-ba55-583ef77af20a/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400987","display_name":"IUScholarWorks (Indiana University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I592451","host_organization_name":"Indiana University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Author","raw_type":"Conference proceedings"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2336863696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1514436","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2747436919","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13-1-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3363799577","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13-1-0288","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3970516599","display_name":"NeTS: Medium: Collaborative Research: Exploiting Fine-grained WiFi Signals for Wellbeing Monitoring","funder_award_id":"1514436","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6274897657","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7452299184","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","funder_display_name":"Army Research Office"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8727049869","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-13","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8934754031","display_name":"CSR: Medium: Collaborative Research: Guardian Angel-Enabling Mobile Safety Systems","funder_award_id":"1409767","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338281","display_name":"Army Research Office","ror":"https://ror.org/05epdh915"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2777693853.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2777693853.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585665690","https://openalex.org/W1860725943","https://openalex.org/W1988885408","https://openalex.org/W2000296993","https://openalex.org/W2000887129","https://openalex.org/W2010485796","https://openalex.org/W2026830782","https://openalex.org/W2027781082","https://openalex.org/W2051623619","https://openalex.org/W2074073954","https://openalex.org/W2081672777","https://openalex.org/W2083661275","https://openalex.org/W2142003017","https://openalex.org/W2142344425","https://openalex.org/W2152416943","https://openalex.org/W2154188854","https://openalex.org/W2168747797","https://openalex.org/W2188247263","https://openalex.org/W2478219092","https://openalex.org/W2487396599","https://openalex.org/W2729552455","https://openalex.org/W3028895824","https://openalex.org/W6638840110","https://openalex.org/W6687027775","https://openalex.org/W6740053324"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4234291648","https://openalex.org/W1888418122","https://openalex.org/W2981904814","https://openalex.org/W1950324692","https://openalex.org/W2119457534","https://openalex.org/W3012439052","https://openalex.org/W1590411551","https://openalex.org/W2152291578","https://openalex.org/W2548409744","https://openalex.org/W2044844226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"the":[1,12,51,68,85,104,128,144,186,205,209],"widely":[2],"adoption":[3],"of":[4,53,56,70,87,204],"screen":[5],"and":[6,45,60,151,168],"camera":[7],"in":[8,28],"many":[9],"electronic":[10],"devices,":[11],"visible":[13,110],"light":[14,111],"communication":[15,26],"(VLC)":[16],"over":[17,39,73,90,109],"screen-to-camera":[18,74,91],"channel":[19,75],"emerges":[20],"as":[21,43,194],"a":[22,98,119],"novel":[23],"short":[24],"range":[25],"technique":[27],"recent":[29],"years.":[30],"Active":[31],"research":[32],"explores":[33],"various":[34,171],"ways":[35],"to":[36,83,126],"convey":[37],"messages":[38],"screen-camera":[40],"channel,":[41],"such":[42,115],"barcode":[44],"unobtrusive":[46,196],"optical":[47,133],"pattern.":[48],"However,":[49],"with":[50,64,165,199],"prevalence":[52],"LED":[54],"screens":[55],"wide":[57],"viewing":[58],"angles":[59],"mobile":[61],"devices":[62,167],"equipped":[63],"high":[65,182],"standard":[66],"cameras,":[67],"threat":[69],"information":[71],"leakage":[72],"becomes":[76],"in-negligible.":[77],"Few":[78],"studies":[79],"have":[80],"discussed":[81],"how":[82],"ensure":[84],"security":[86],"data":[88,154,192,207],"transmission":[89,156],"channel.":[92,112],"In":[93],"this":[94],"paper,":[95],"we":[96,117],"propose":[97],"secret":[99,121,129],"key":[100,122,130],"distribution":[101],"system":[102,162,179],"leveraging":[103],"unique":[105],"color":[106],"shift":[107],"property":[108],"To":[113],"facilitate":[114],"design,":[116],"develop":[118],"practical":[120],"matching":[123],"based":[124],"method":[125],"map":[127],"into":[131],"gridded":[132],"patterns":[134],"on":[135],"screen,":[136],"which":[137],"can":[138,180],"only":[139],"be":[140],"correctly":[141],"recognized":[142],"by":[143],"legitimate":[145,187],"user":[146],"through":[147,157],"an":[148],"accessible":[149],"region":[150],"allow":[152],"regular":[153,195],"stream":[155],"valid":[158],"grids.":[159],"The":[160,174],"proposed":[161],"is":[163],"prototyped":[164],"off-the-shelf":[166],"validated":[169],"under":[170],"experimental":[172],"scenarios.":[173],"results":[175],"show":[176],"that":[177],"our":[178],"achieve":[181],"bit-decoding":[183],"accuracy":[184,203],"for":[185,208],"users":[188],"while":[189],"maintaining":[190],"comparable":[191],"throughput":[193],"VLC":[197],"systems":[198],"very":[200],"low":[201],"recovery":[202],"encrypted":[206],"attackers.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}