{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965238475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2014.6997481","title":"Portability of an RF fingerprint of a wireless transmitter","display_name":"Portability of an RF fingerprint of a wireless transmitter","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965238475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2014.6997481","mag":"1965238475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns.2014.6997481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2014.6997481","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstreams/82406b05-3d44-4e1b-8261-0e7caa626a2f/download","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019618306","display_name":"Saeed Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2159-865X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I872614749","display_name":"Unitec Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01px84952","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152882","https://openalex.org/I872614749"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saeed Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand","[Department of computing, UNITEC institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I872614749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of computing, UNITEC institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I872614749"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023739602","display_name":"K.W. Sowerby","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kevin W. Sowerby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Auckland, New Zealand#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076639190","display_name":"Shafiq Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9566-8040"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154130895","display_name":"University of Auckland","ror":"https://ror.org/03b94tp07","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shafiq Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand","Department of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, New Zealand#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154130895"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012499208","display_name":"Iman Ardekani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9476-9539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I872614749","display_name":"Unitec Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01px84952","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152882","https://openalex.org/I872614749"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iman Ardekani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand","[Department of computing, UNITEC institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I872614749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of computing, UNITEC institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I872614749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2687,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84192469,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"151","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.921865701675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","score":0.7979689836502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-portability","display_name":"Software portability","score":0.7087595462799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fingerprint-recognition","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","score":0.6712426543235779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6612658500671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.6403255462646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5615931153297424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-transmitter-design","display_name":"Radio transmitter design","score":0.5370617508888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.5352796912193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5069935321807861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5013046264648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.4395199418067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.42045319080352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.35270023345947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.3494826555252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2686595320701599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.21488508582115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15925338864326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.09467074275016785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.0871744155883789}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.921865701675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777826928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3745713","display_name":"Fingerprint (computing)","level":2,"score":0.7979689836502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.7087595462799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168406668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178022","display_name":"Fingerprint recognition","level":3,"score":0.6712426543235779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6612658500671387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.6403255462646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5615931153297424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142031617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105437","display_name":"Radio transmitter design","level":4,"score":0.5370617508888245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.5352796912193298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5069935321807861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5013046264648438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.4395199418067932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.42045319080352783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.35270023345947266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.3494826555252075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2686595320701599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.21488508582115173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15925338864326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.09467074275016785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0871744155883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns.2014.6997481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2014.6997481","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.researchbank.ac.nz:10652/2973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10652/2973","pdf_url":"https://www.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstreams/82406b05-3d44-4e1b-8261-0e7caa626a2f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401628","display_name":"Unitec Research Bank (Unitec Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I872614749","host_organization_name":"Unitec Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I872614749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.863.9890","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.863.9890","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/2973/IEEE_cns_RF_fingerprint_embeded.pdf%3Bjsessionid%3D45C0BCCF5C908C48722201D20E771CD8?sequence%3D1","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchbank.ac.nz:10652/3939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10652/3939","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401628","display_name":"Unitec Research Bank (Unitec Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I872614749","host_organization_name":"Unitec Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I872614749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.researchbank.ac.nz:10652/2973","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10652/2973","pdf_url":"https://www.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstreams/82406b05-3d44-4e1b-8261-0e7caa626a2f/download","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401628","display_name":"Unitec Research Bank (Unitec Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I872614749","host_organization_name":"Unitec Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I872614749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1965238475.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1965238475.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1877037860","https://openalex.org/W1906707745","https://openalex.org/W1980668046","https://openalex.org/W2000053617","https://openalex.org/W2002016471","https://openalex.org/W2012166391","https://openalex.org/W2025212043","https://openalex.org/W2056744383","https://openalex.org/W2065227302","https://openalex.org/W2072719516","https://openalex.org/W2083804560","https://openalex.org/W2097571740","https://openalex.org/W2116424792","https://openalex.org/W2120636900","https://openalex.org/W2122653500","https://openalex.org/W2133492106","https://openalex.org/W2137279134","https://openalex.org/W2143432773","https://openalex.org/W2155372100","https://openalex.org/W2155899844","https://openalex.org/W2156711827","https://openalex.org/W2164011585","https://openalex.org/W2164162938","https://openalex.org/W2164402548","https://openalex.org/W2167854112","https://openalex.org/W4206594587"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3014822659","https://openalex.org/W4362496757","https://openalex.org/W2566091814","https://openalex.org/W4389371618","https://openalex.org/W2051501574","https://openalex.org/W2117826006","https://openalex.org/W2114937328","https://openalex.org/W2148654711","https://openalex.org/W2608025327","https://openalex.org/W1621827506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"conventional":[1],"wireless":[2,27],"networks,":[3],"security":[4,31],"issues":[5],"are":[6,14],"primarily":[7],"considered":[8],"above":[9],"the":[10,22,49,76,81,90,118,125,128,137,158,164],"physical":[11],"layer":[12,30],"and":[13,162],"usually":[15],"based":[16],"on":[17],"bit-level":[18],"algorithms":[19],"to":[20,47,73,113,116,124],"establish":[21,48,117],"identity":[23,51,119],"of":[24,52,93,120,127,160,166,172],"a":[25,33,53,68,94,104,121,173],"legitimate":[26],"device.":[28],"Physical":[29],"is":[32,87,97,134,148],"new":[34],"paradigm":[35],"in":[36,75,80,107,136,139,145,152],"which":[37,140],"features":[38],"extracted":[39],"from":[40],"an":[41,141,168],"analog":[42,77],"signal":[43],"can":[44,110],"be":[45,111],"used":[46,149],"unique":[50,69],"transmitter.":[54,122],"Our":[55],"previous":[56],"research":[57],"work":[58],"into":[59],"RF":[60,70,82,91,142,170],"fingerprinting":[61],"has":[62,67],"shown":[63],"that":[64,89],"every":[65],"transmitter":[66,96,174],"fingerprint":[71,92,105,143,171],"owing":[72],"imperfections":[74],"components":[78],"present":[79],"front":[83],"end.":[84],"Generally,":[85],"it":[86],"believed":[88],"specific":[95],"same":[98],"across":[99,177],"all":[100],"receivers.":[101,154,179],"That":[102],"is,":[103],"created":[106],"one":[108,146],"receiver":[109,115,147],"transported":[112],"another":[114],"However,":[123],"best":[126],"author's":[129],"knowledge,":[130],"no":[131],"such":[132],"example":[133],"available":[135],"literature":[138],"generated":[144],"for":[150,175],"identification":[151,176],"other":[153],"This":[155],"paper":[156],"presents":[157],"results":[159],"experiments,":[161],"analyzing":[163],"feasibility":[165],"using":[167],"universal":[169],"different":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}