{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2032058469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2013.6682704","title":"A lightweight argument system with efficient verifier","display_name":"A lightweight argument system with efficient verifier","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2032058469","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2013.6682704","mag":"2032058469"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns.2013.6682704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2013.6682704","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045319978","display_name":"Gang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1409-252X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018956193","display_name":"George T. Amariucai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4471-6425"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Amariucai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100719924","display_name":"Yong Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0445-1848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045319978"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.08057713,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":null,"first_page":"163","last_page":"171"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10720","display_name":"Complexity and Algorithms in Graphs","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.87529057264328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8388187885284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/argument","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","score":0.7594841718673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.6979224681854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.6811371445655823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.6328679919242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6289951205253601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.6141467690467834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5276324152946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.5062548518180847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4660521447658539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.25518596172332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2151300609111786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.13952159881591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08305218815803528}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.87529057264328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8388187885284424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98184364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780131","display_name":"Argument (complex analysis)","level":2,"score":0.7594841718673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.6979224681854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.6811371445655823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.6328679919242859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6289951205253601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.6141467690467834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5276324152946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.5062548518180847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4660521447658539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.25518596172332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2151300609111786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.13952159881591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08305218815803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cns.2013.6682704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cns.2013.6682704","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2013 IEEE Conference on Communications and Network Security (CNS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W175430765","https://openalex.org/W1557386445","https://openalex.org/W1581161155","https://openalex.org/W1930567086","https://openalex.org/W1970606468","https://openalex.org/W1970808997","https://openalex.org/W1978478346","https://openalex.org/W1996839061","https://openalex.org/W2029859729","https://openalex.org/W2031533839","https://openalex.org/W2038691311","https://openalex.org/W2044199052","https://openalex.org/W2049982182","https://openalex.org/W2053086236","https://openalex.org/W2061595984","https://openalex.org/W2067596507","https://openalex.org/W2078090052","https://openalex.org/W2080578129","https://openalex.org/W2084204509","https://openalex.org/W2087900794","https://openalex.org/W2132605415","https://openalex.org/W2140797111","https://openalex.org/W2146099890","https://openalex.org/W2148352980","https://openalex.org/W2151433956","https://openalex.org/W2153413398","https://openalex.org/W2154650342","https://openalex.org/W2164606052","https://openalex.org/W2192481898","https://openalex.org/W2233233025","https://openalex.org/W2402869180","https://openalex.org/W6607147124","https://openalex.org/W6629871333","https://openalex.org/W6633271635","https://openalex.org/W6634687124","https://openalex.org/W6640494948","https://openalex.org/W6682198157","https://openalex.org/W6713217963"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1667647204","https://openalex.org/W2358200898","https://openalex.org/W2404647514","https://openalex.org/W2325765407","https://openalex.org/W4247536566","https://openalex.org/W618293728","https://openalex.org/W2291845669","https://openalex.org/W2788012436","https://openalex.org/W200604156","https://openalex.org/W55831818"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"the":[1,29,30,33,37,46,68,76,81,95,105,108,154,161,168],"Cloud":[2],"Computing":[3],"paradigm,":[4],"users":[5],"outsource":[6],"computational":[7],"tasks":[8],"from":[9],"relatively":[10],"weaker":[11],"devices":[12],"to":[13,41,66,159],"more":[14],"powerful":[15],"but":[16],"untrusted":[17],"servers.":[18],"While":[19],"outsourcing":[20],"computation":[21],"provides":[22,128],"appealing":[23],"benefits,":[24],"natural":[25],"concerns":[26],"arise":[27],"regarding":[28],"correctness":[31],"of":[32,36,70,84,107],"result.":[34],"One":[35],"most":[38,96],"recent":[39],"solutions":[40],"this":[42,119,134],"problem":[43],"comes":[44],"in":[45,99,118,144],"form":[47],"argument":[48,71,85,142],"systems,":[49],"which":[50,127,145],"combine":[51],"commitment":[52,125,135],"protocols":[53],"and":[54,163],"linear":[55,101],"probabilistically":[56],"checkable":[57],"proofs":[58],"(PCPs).":[59],"Although":[60],"significant":[61],"efforts":[62],"have":[63],"been":[64],"made":[65],"enhance":[67],"practicality":[69],"systems":[72,86],"for":[73,87,110,153],"outsourced":[74],"computation,":[75],"high":[77],"cost":[78],"still":[79],"stymies":[80],"successful":[82],"adoption":[83],"real-world":[88],"cloud-based":[89],"applications.":[90],"However,":[91],"we":[92,121,137],"observe":[93],"that":[94],"burdensome":[97],"part":[98],"a":[100,123,139,174],"PCP":[102,151],"protocol":[103,126],"-":[104,113],"generation":[106],"queries":[109,152],"circuit":[111,130,155,162],"tests":[112,156],"is":[114,177],"highly":[115],"redundant.":[116],"Consequently,":[117],"paper,":[120],"propose":[122],"novel":[124],"inherent":[129],"tests.":[131],"Based":[132],"on":[133,167],"protocol,":[136],"develop":[138],"new":[140,175],"light-weight":[141],"system":[143],"an":[146],"efficient":[147],"verifier":[148],"can":[149],"generate":[150],"without":[157],"having":[158],"read":[160],"perform":[164],"weighted":[165],"summations":[166],"circuit's":[169],"gate":[170],"constraints":[171],"every":[172],"time":[173],"query":[176],"generated.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}