{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7147349746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cnml68938.2026.11453051","title":"Differentiated Graph-Aware Rescaling for Precise and Efficient Homomorphic Encryption","display_name":"Differentiated Graph-Aware Rescaling for Precise and Efficient Homomorphic Encryption","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7147349746","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cnml68938.2026.11453051"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cnml68938.2026.11453051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cnml68938.2026.11453051","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 International Conference on Communication Networks and Machine Learning (CNML)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103153385","display_name":"Lin Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7666-0150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003856310","display_name":"Juan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6626-1700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiahui Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075646213","display_name":"Jianan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5219-4597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhengzhou University,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132584664","display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158984","display_name":"National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypjrs34","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158984"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Supercomputing Center in Zhengzhou,Zhengzhou,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Supercomputing Center in Zhengzhou,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132714211","display_name":"Wei Gao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210158984","display_name":"National Supercomputing Center in Wuxi","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypjrs34","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210158984"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Supercomputing Center in Zhengzhou,Zhengzhou,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Supercomputing Center in Zhengzhou,Zhengzhou,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210158984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5103153385"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94337897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"225","last_page":"229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9100000262260437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.017799999564886093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.7846999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.48820000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.37220001220703125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.7846999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7087000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5601999759674072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5059000253677368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.49779999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.48820000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.4595000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.43309998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3560999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.334199994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.30820000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204806902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2333581","display_name":"Semantic security","level":5,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78766204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555032","display_name":"Multi-core processor","level":2,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45347329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5166604","display_name":"Convolution (computer science)","level":3,"score":0.27649998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.26899999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.26579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.2556000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cnml68938.2026.11453051","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cnml68938.2026.11453051","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 International Conference on Communication Networks and Machine Learning (CNML)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2606882085","https://openalex.org/W2768174108","https://openalex.org/W3033405216","https://openalex.org/W4220830361","https://openalex.org/W4226329974","https://openalex.org/W4391920156","https://openalex.org/W4412075382","https://openalex.org/W4414407190"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Fully":[0],"Homomorphic":[1],"Encryption":[2],"(FHE)":[3],"faces":[4],"a":[5,13,28,63,95],"critical":[6],"trade-off":[7],"between":[8],"computational":[9,102],"precision":[10,48,68],"and":[11,69,94,132],"performance,":[12],"challenge":[14],"largely":[15],"governed":[16],"by":[17,85,126,136],"the":[18,35,87,101,109,148,152],"noise":[19,37,89],"management":[20],"mechanism":[21],"of":[22,39,91,130],"rescaling.":[23],"Prevailing":[24],"FHE":[25,157],"compilers":[26],"employ":[27],"static,":[29],"uniform":[30],"rescaling":[31,83,111],"strategy,":[32],"which":[33],"disregards":[34],"heterogeneous":[36],"impact":[38],"different":[40],"operations.":[41],"This":[42],"oversight":[43],"leads":[44],"to":[45,106,140],"significant":[46],"cumulative":[47],"loss":[49],"for":[50,154],"noise-sensitive":[51],"computations.":[52],"To":[53],"address":[54],"this":[55],"limitation,":[56],"we":[57],"introduce":[58],"Differentiated":[59],"Graph-Aware":[60],"Rescaling":[61],"(DGAR),":[62],"novel":[64],"strategy":[65],"that":[66,80,99,118],"co-optimizes":[67],"efficiency.":[70],"DGAR":[71,119],"comprises":[72],"two":[73],"core":[74],"components:":[75],"an":[76],"Operation-Aware":[77],"Module":[78,97],"(OAM)":[79],"assigns":[81],"tailored":[82],"thresholds":[84],"modeling":[86],"unique":[88],"properties":[90],"each":[92],"operation,":[93],"Depth-Aware":[96],"(DAM)":[98],"leverages":[100],"graph's":[103],"multiplication":[104],"depth":[105],"dynamically":[107],"adapt":[108],"global":[110],"policy,":[112],"optimizing":[113],"modulus":[114],"utilization.":[115],"Experiments":[116],"demonstrate":[117],"simultaneously":[120],"reduces":[121],"Mean":[122],"Squared":[123],"Error":[124],"(MSE)":[125],"over":[127],"six":[128],"orders":[129],"magnitude":[131],"cuts":[133],"execution":[134],"latency":[135],"approximately":[137],"20%":[138],"compared":[139],"state-of-the-art":[141],"frameworks":[142],"like":[143],"EVA.":[144],"Our":[145],"work":[146],"breaks":[147],"precision-performance":[149],"trade-off,":[150],"paving":[151],"way":[153],"practical,":[155],"high-fidelity":[156],"applications.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T13:53:19.096889","created_date":"2026-04-02T00:00:00"}