{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2121698472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civvs.2009.4938720","title":"Recurrent neural network training for energy management of a mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle with an ultra-capacitor","display_name":"Recurrent neural network training for energy management of a mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle with an ultra-capacitor","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2121698472","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civvs.2009.4938720","mag":"2121698472"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/civvs.2009.4938720","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civvs.2009.4938720","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Workshop on Computational Intelligence in Vehicles and Vehicular Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080354681","display_name":"L.A. Feldkamp","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee Feldkamp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company Limited, Dearborn, MI, USA","Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company Limited, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080005289","display_name":"Mahmoud Abou-Nasr","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Abou-Nasr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company Limited, Dearborn, MI, USA","Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company Limited, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078022728","display_name":"Ilya Kolmanovsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-4160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1292974536","display_name":"Ford Motor Company (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00g2tkw06","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilya V. Kolmanovsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company Limited, Dearborn, MI, USA","Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, 2101 Village Road, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company Limited, Dearborn, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Powertrain Control Research and Advanced Engineering, Ford Motor Company, 2101 Village Road, Dearborn, Michigan, 48121, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1292974536"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9947,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72131148,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"29","last_page":"36"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain","display_name":"Powertrain","score":0.7504208087921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6212694048881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.5779913663864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5725234746932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.571789026260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.4732435643672943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.45022836327552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.4478045701980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extended-kalman-filter","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","score":0.4372839331626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-vehicle","display_name":"Hybrid vehicle","score":0.4270966053009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3620028495788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3435995876789093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.32502472400665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.3079678416252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.27317240834236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.24868011474609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15514245629310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.13721352815628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.13128554821014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12744078040122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.10041481256484985}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.7504208087921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6212694048881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.5779913663864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5725234746932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.571789026260376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.4732435643672943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.45022836327552795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4478045701980591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206833254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421817","display_name":"Extended Kalman filter","level":3,"score":0.4372839331626892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C516807790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193075","display_name":"Hybrid vehicle","level":3,"score":0.4270966053009033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3620028495788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3435995876789093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32502472400665283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.3079678416252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27317240834236145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.24868011474609375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15514245629310608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.13721352815628052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.13128554821014404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12744078040122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.10041481256484985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/civvs.2009.4938720","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civvs.2009.4938720","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2009 IEEE Workshop on Computational Intelligence in Vehicles and Vehicular Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571055221","https://openalex.org/W1587842166","https://openalex.org/W1976798879","https://openalex.org/W1979731192","https://openalex.org/W2012256191","https://openalex.org/W2118721156","https://openalex.org/W2120472140","https://openalex.org/W2139942566","https://openalex.org/W2142653678","https://openalex.org/W2144366412","https://openalex.org/W2158658492","https://openalex.org/W2161758672","https://openalex.org/W2165579389","https://openalex.org/W2171275074","https://openalex.org/W2254238621","https://openalex.org/W6683501427"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103062922","https://openalex.org/W2162299404","https://openalex.org/W1573859018","https://openalex.org/W2042058853","https://openalex.org/W3130755679","https://openalex.org/W2772971464","https://openalex.org/W153618972","https://openalex.org/W2537633214","https://openalex.org/W2942689731","https://openalex.org/W2318719484"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,117,138,159],"paper":[1],"exemplifies":[2],"the":[3,25,30,34,48,71,77,96,100,103,120,129,141,147,152,155,166],"design":[4],"flow":[5],"of":[6,14,29,47,70,119,140,146],"a":[7,15,39,66,82,90,109,134],"neural":[8,67,87,91,121,142],"network":[9,68,88,92,122,143],"controller":[10,123,156],"for":[11],"energy":[12,26,35],"management":[13,36],"parallel":[16],"hybrid":[17],"electric":[18,104],"vehicle":[19],"(HEV)":[20],"with":[21,85],"an":[22],"ultra-capacitor.":[23],"As":[24],"storage":[27],"capacity":[28],"ultra-capacitor":[31,49],"is":[32,73,106,163],"limited,":[33],"in":[37],"such":[38],"powertrain":[40,72,83],"can":[41],"be":[42,52],"particularly":[43],"challenging,":[44],"and":[45,59,102,145,154],"charging/discharging":[46],"has":[50],"to":[51,55,150],"performed":[53],"optimally":[54],"reduce":[56],"fuel":[57,160],"consumption":[58,161],"avoid":[60],"drivability":[61],"degradation.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64,86],"paper,":[65],"model":[69,89,132,151],"first":[74],"trained":[75,107],"from":[76],"input/output":[78],"data":[79],"generated":[80],"by":[81,133],"model;":[84],"controller,":[93],"which":[94],"prescribes":[95],"power":[97],"split":[98],"between":[99],"engine":[101],"motor,":[105],"using":[108,170],"multi-stream":[110],"Extended":[111],"Kalman":[112],"Filter":[113],"(EKF)-based":[114],"training":[115],"method.":[116],"weights":[118],"are":[124,157],"then":[125],"further":[126],"refined":[127],"on":[128],"original":[130],"plant":[131,153],"stochastic":[135],"perturbation":[136],"approach.":[137],"choices":[139],"architecture":[144],"cost":[148],"function":[149],"rationalized.":[158],"improvement":[162],"compared":[164],"against":[165],"optimal":[167],"solution":[168],"obtained":[169],"dynamic":[171],"programming.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}