{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4412713355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civemsa65862.2025.11084823","title":"Classification of Analyte in Aqueous Solution via High-Frequency Transmission Spectroscopy","display_name":"Classification of Analyte in Aqueous Solution via High-Frequency Transmission Spectroscopy","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4412713355","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civemsa65862.2025.11084823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/civemsa65862.2025.11084823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civemsa65862.2025.11084823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044279214","display_name":"D. Johnston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3567-0085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Derek Johnston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Lubbock,TX,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Lubbock,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051924971","display_name":"Dylan Tarter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dylan Tarter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Lubbock,TX,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Lubbock,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025786004","display_name":"Kitiara Griffin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6052-9983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kitiara Griffin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University,Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Lubbock,TX,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University,Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Lubbock,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106279552","display_name":"Tanja Karp","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanja Karp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Lubbock,TX,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University,Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Lubbock,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021734727","display_name":"Gordon F. Christopher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2934-6673"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gordon Christopher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University,Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,Lubbock,TX,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University,Dept. of Mechanical Engineering,Lubbock,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007588293","display_name":"Dimitri Pappas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-4816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitri Pappas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University,Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Lubbock,TX,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University,Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry,Lubbock,TX,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17943337,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11434","display_name":"Electrochemical Analysis and Applications","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1603","display_name":"Electrochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11434","display_name":"Electrochemical Analysis and Applications","score":0.9886999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1603","display_name":"Electrochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14249","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9812999963760376,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2311","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analyte","display_name":"Analyte","score":0.7721990346908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aqueous-solution","display_name":"Aqueous solution","score":0.6850095987319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectroscopy","display_name":"Spectroscopy","score":0.6037835478782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5396883487701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5342392921447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytical-chemistry","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","score":0.4101802706718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39339005947113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.34000182151794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.29367882013320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromatography","display_name":"Chromatography","score":0.1849265694618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1747952401638031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.17460891604423523}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10390740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2282401","display_name":"Analyte","level":2,"score":0.7721990346908569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184651966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q906356","display_name":"Aqueous solution","level":2,"score":0.6850095987319946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.6037835478782654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5396883487701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5342392921447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.4101802706718445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39339005947113037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.34000182151794434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.29367882013320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.1849265694618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1747952401638031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.17460891604423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/civemsa65862.2025.11084823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civemsa65862.2025.11084823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2966722893","https://openalex.org/W2979520235","https://openalex.org/W3196829923","https://openalex.org/W4283727492","https://openalex.org/W4387418013","https://openalex.org/W4401314380"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1944150046","https://openalex.org/W2082761856","https://openalex.org/W1991280445","https://openalex.org/W1995472698","https://openalex.org/W2501505803","https://openalex.org/W2016341282","https://openalex.org/W2067044389","https://openalex.org/W2315273856","https://openalex.org/W1969072535","https://openalex.org/W2071390337"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-frequency":[0],"transmission":[1],"spectroscopy":[2],"(HFTS)":[3],"is":[4,31,50,157],"the":[5,35,51,57,73,86,142,151,160,173,176,185],"fusion":[6],"of":[7,21,27,37,48,54,70,83,88,103,112,132,175,187,198,221],"traditional":[8],"radiofrequency":[9],"and":[10,148,203,211],"microwave":[11],"characterization":[12],"techniques":[13],"with":[14],"deep":[15,189],"learning":[16,190],"models":[17],"to":[18,34,85,135,164],"perform":[19],"classification":[20,36,87],"materials":[22],"across":[23],"a":[24,68,80,91,101,110,123,129,188,199,204,218],"wide":[25],"range":[26,131],"application":[28,46,82,186],"domains.":[29],"It":[30],"especially":[32],"applicable":[33],"chemical":[38],"compounds":[39],"found":[40],"in":[41,56,72,90,97,150,172],"aqueous":[42],"solution.":[43],"A":[44,192],"potential":[45],"domain":[47],"HFTS":[49,84],"rapid":[52],"detection":[53],"contamination":[55],"water":[58,75,92],"supply.":[59,76],"Each":[60],"year,":[61],"over":[62],"800,000":[63],"people":[64],"are":[65,100,146,169],"killed":[66],"as":[67],"result":[69],"contaminants":[71,89],"drinking":[74],"This":[77],"work":[78,99],"presents":[79],"proof-of-concept":[81],"sample.":[93],"The":[94],"\u201ccontaminants\u201d":[95],"used":[96,149],"this":[98],"selection":[102],"ten":[104],"chloride":[105],"salt":[106],"solutions":[107],"prepared":[108],"at":[109],"concentration":[111],"0.15\u03bcM.":[113],"S<inf":[114],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[115],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">21</inf>":[116],"scattering":[117,139],"parameter":[118,140],"measurements":[119],"were":[120],"taken":[121],"via":[122],"commercial":[124],"vector":[125],"network":[126],"analyzer":[127],"on":[128,159],"frequency":[130],"50":[133],"kHz":[134],"500MHz.":[136],"From":[137],"these":[138],"measurements,":[141],"magnitude":[143,161],"response":[144,162,174],"curves":[145,163],"calculated":[147],"analysis.":[152],"Visual":[153],"exploratory":[154],"data":[155],"analysis":[156],"performed":[158],"visually":[165],"confirm":[166],"that":[167],"there":[168],"distinct":[170],"patterns":[171],"various":[177],"solutes":[178],"which":[179,216],"could":[180],"be":[181],"detected":[182],"automatically":[183],"through":[184],"model.":[191],"multiclass":[193,224],"convolutional":[194],"neural":[195],"network,":[196],"composed":[197],"single":[200],"convolution":[201],"layer":[202],"fully":[205],"connected":[206],"linear":[207],"layer,":[208],"was":[209],"developed":[210],"trained":[212],"using":[213],"cloud-hosted":[214],"GPUs":[215],"achieved":[217],"testing":[219],"accuracy":[220],"92%":[222],"during":[223],"classification.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}