{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386352473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civemsa57781.2023.10231017","title":"The Classification and Detection of Cyanosis Images on Lightly and Darkly Pigmented Individual Human Skins Applying Simple CNN and Fine-Tuned VGG16 Models in TensorFlow's Keras API","display_name":"The Classification and Detection of Cyanosis Images on Lightly and Darkly Pigmented Individual Human Skins Applying Simple CNN and Fine-Tuned VGG16 Models in TensorFlow's Keras API","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386352473","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civemsa57781.2023.10231017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/civemsa57781.2023.10231017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civemsa57781.2023.10231017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092688022","display_name":"Lukoki Mpova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lukoki Mpova","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Johannesburg,Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science","Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Johannesburg,Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103915933","display_name":"Thokozani C. Shongwe","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thokozani Calvin Shongwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Johannesburg,Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science","Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Johannesburg,Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102970339","display_name":"Ali N. Hasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1734-4032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24027795","display_name":"University of Johannesburg","ror":"https://ror.org/04z6c2n17","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Hasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Johannesburg,Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science","Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Johannesburg,Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and the Build Environment and Electrical and Electronic Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24027795"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10392","display_name":"Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12599","display_name":"Retinal and Optic Conditions","score":0.9772999882698059,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11172","display_name":"Dermatologic Treatments and Research","score":0.9143999814987183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2708","display_name":"Dermatology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7932497262954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.672778844833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6328573226928711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6105493903160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4834536015987396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7932497262954712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.672778844833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6328573226928711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6105493903160095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4834536015987396}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/civemsa57781.2023.10231017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/civemsa57781.2023.10231017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","display_name":"No poverty","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2018503525","https://openalex.org/W2099109009","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2323525353","https://openalex.org/W2333717985","https://openalex.org/W2437431984","https://openalex.org/W2522861252","https://openalex.org/W2742852855","https://openalex.org/W2754216138","https://openalex.org/W2755479767","https://openalex.org/W2766191760","https://openalex.org/W2775795276","https://openalex.org/W2786147899","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W2922363978","https://openalex.org/W2925126079","https://openalex.org/W2937247086","https://openalex.org/W2939411050","https://openalex.org/W2946345836","https://openalex.org/W2995942064","https://openalex.org/W2998508940","https://openalex.org/W3006425969","https://openalex.org/W3011318476","https://openalex.org/W3015654211","https://openalex.org/W3019427655","https://openalex.org/W3099261513","https://openalex.org/W3124664719","https://openalex.org/W3185252666","https://openalex.org/W3217134861","https://openalex.org/W4234247753","https://openalex.org/W4245631639","https://openalex.org/W6781124892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W2939353110","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4360585206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116],"target":[1],"of":[2,13,45,68,76,110,168,178],"this":[3],"research":[4],"is":[5,63,88,102],"to":[6,71,146,193,199],"evaluate":[7],"the":[8,43,64,83,92,105,111,128,134,137,149,156,166,174,179,191],"images":[9,50,150],"classification":[10,175],"and":[11,17,31,41,59,99,114,170,176,201,203],"detection":[12,177],"cyanosis":[14,80,101,205],"on":[15,49,148,173],"lightly":[16],"darkly":[18,180],"individual":[19,182,207],"human":[20,183,208],"skins":[21,209],"using":[22],"two":[23],"popular":[24],"models,":[25],"simple":[26,129,138],"convolutional":[27],"neural":[28,36,197],"network":[29,37,198],"(CNN)":[30],"Fine-tuned":[32],"VGG16":[33,118,161],"in":[34,55,155,206],"deep":[35,196],"TensorFlow's":[38],"Keras":[39],"API;":[40],"compare":[42],"performance":[44],"both":[46],"models":[47],"based":[48],"that":[51,151],"were":[52,152],"not":[53,153],"incorporated":[54,154],"ImageNet":[56,157],"library":[57,158],"dataset":[58],"data":[60],"augmentation.":[61],"Cyanosis":[62],"abnormal":[65],"bluish":[66,108],"stain":[67],"skin":[69],"due":[70],"poor":[72],"circulation":[73],"or":[74,107],"lack":[75],"oxygen":[77],"(the":[78],"word":[79],"originated":[81],"from":[82,91],"colour":[84],"name":[85],"cyan,":[86],"which":[87],"etymologically":[89],"derived":[90],"Greek":[93],"term":[94],"\u201ckyanos\u201c":[95],"meaning":[96],"\u201cblue\u201d).":[97],"Peripheral":[98],"central":[100],"indicated":[103],"by":[104],"purple":[106],"tint":[109],"feet,":[112],"face,":[113],"hands.":[115],"fine-tuned":[117,160],"model":[119,131,140,162],"has":[120],"demonstrated":[121],"emphatic":[122],"categorical":[123],"validation":[124],"accuracy":[125],"(82%)":[126],"than":[127,159],"CNN":[130,139],"(79%).":[132],"On":[133],"other":[135],"hand,":[136],"took":[141],"less":[142],"time":[143],"(7.733":[144],"minutes)":[145],"train":[147],"(24.63":[163],"minutes).":[164],"With":[165],"limitations":[167],"in-vivo":[169],"in-silico":[171],"experiments":[172],"pigmented":[181],"skins,":[184],"it":[185],"will":[186],"be":[187],"veritably":[188],"beneficial":[189],"for":[190],"dermatologist":[192],"apply":[194],"a":[195],"prognosis":[200],"classify":[202],"detect":[204],"at":[210],"its":[211],"early":[212],"stage.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}