{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3159668916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss50987.2021.9400266","title":"Model-Free Optimal Control using SPSA with Complex Variables","display_name":"Model-Free Optimal Control using SPSA with Complex Variables","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3159668916","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss50987.2021.9400266","mag":"3159668916"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ciss50987.2021.9400266","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss50987.2021.9400266","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 55th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447536","display_name":"Long Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5600-8157"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045985355","display_name":"Jingyi Zhu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7553-585X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyi Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066890566","display_name":"James C. Spall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8034-8864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802946424","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/029pp9z10","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James C. Spall","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802946424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11236","display_name":"Control Systems and Identification","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11236","display_name":"Control Systems and Identification","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11749","display_name":"Iterative Learning Control Systems","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simultaneous-perturbation-stochastic-approximation","display_name":"Simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation","score":0.8787525296211243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-approximation","display_name":"Stochastic approximation","score":0.6801344156265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.545142412185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.5391727685928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.5210946798324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.5029026865959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.47673094272613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function-approximation","display_name":"Function approximation","score":0.44945046305656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.44845032691955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.42985352873802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximation-algorithm","display_name":"Approximation algorithm","score":0.41495510935783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.38346001505851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.35304343700408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.2934841811656952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.11933010816574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.10940665006637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.10271355509757996}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779880469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084424","display_name":"Simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation","level":3,"score":0.8787525296211243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55479107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q97663916","display_name":"Stochastic approximation","level":3,"score":0.6801344156265259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.545142412185669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.5391727685928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5210946798324585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.5029026865959167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.47673094272613525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91873725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3445816","display_name":"Function approximation","level":3,"score":0.44945046305656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.44845032691955566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.42985352873802185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148764684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621751","display_name":"Approximation algorithm","level":2,"score":0.41495510935783386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38346001505851746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.35304343700408936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.2934841811656952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.11933010816574097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.10940665006637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.10271355509757996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ciss50987.2021.9400266","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss50987.2021.9400266","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 55th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1499021337","https://openalex.org/W1969551552","https://openalex.org/W1978533437","https://openalex.org/W1979761486","https://openalex.org/W1987941491","https://openalex.org/W1993600308","https://openalex.org/W2001645181","https://openalex.org/W2006962396","https://openalex.org/W2009797711","https://openalex.org/W2012117977","https://openalex.org/W2026223306","https://openalex.org/W2042373155","https://openalex.org/W2042569149","https://openalex.org/W2061703587","https://openalex.org/W2065699608","https://openalex.org/W2095962350","https://openalex.org/W2097415784","https://openalex.org/W2106147350","https://openalex.org/W2124289529","https://openalex.org/W2127919919","https://openalex.org/W2137983211","https://openalex.org/W2139923370","https://openalex.org/W2143956139","https://openalex.org/W2146933526","https://openalex.org/W2168317991","https://openalex.org/W2550394442","https://openalex.org/W2626106585","https://openalex.org/W2791375846","https://openalex.org/W2963626582","https://openalex.org/W3128780189","https://openalex.org/W3146803896","https://openalex.org/W3186197587","https://openalex.org/W4293186481","https://openalex.org/W4300496207","https://openalex.org/W6799384795"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2038213655","https://openalex.org/W2079907724","https://openalex.org/W2546134129","https://openalex.org/W2169111093","https://openalex.org/W4382936136","https://openalex.org/W2104712676","https://openalex.org/W2118205332","https://openalex.org/W1973158011","https://openalex.org/W2885971921","https://openalex.org/W4387970357"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1,94,111],"proposes":[2,95],"a":[3,96,162,175,185],"stochastic":[4,13,84,149],"optimization":[5],"algorithm":[6,87,173],"to":[7,52,70,74,109,180],"construct":[8],"model-free":[9],"controllers":[10,35],"for":[11,99,148],"nonlinear":[12],"systems,":[14,33],"where":[15,170],"both":[16],"the":[17,31,34,53,57,60,64,72,81,89,100,104,121,157,171,181],"state":[18],"and":[19,88],"measurement":[20,129],"equations":[21],"are":[22,36],"unknown.":[23],"With":[24],"no":[25],"stringent":[26],"model":[27,165],"assumptions":[28],"imposed":[29],"on":[30],"underlying":[32],"constructed":[37],"by":[38,80],"function":[39],"approximators":[40],"(FA),":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"neural":[44],"networks":[45],"or":[46],"polynomials.":[47],"The":[48],"optimal":[49,54],"control":[50],"refers":[51],"parameters":[55],"within":[56,184],"FA.":[58],"Since":[59],"functional":[61],"form":[62],"of":[63,178,188],"system":[65,105,117,128],"remains":[66],"unknown,":[67],"we":[68,160],"need":[69],"estimate":[71],"gradient":[73,91,101],"proceed":[75],"with":[76,152,166],"gradient-type":[77],"algorithms.":[78],"Inspired":[79],"simultaneous":[82],"perturbation":[83],"approximation":[85,150],"(SPSA)":[86],"complex-step":[90],"approximation,":[92],"this":[93],"novel":[97],"estimation":[98],"using":[102],"only":[103,126],"measurements.":[106],"In":[107,156],"contrast":[108],"prior":[110],"that":[112],"requires":[113,125],"at":[114],"least":[115],"two":[116],"measurements":[118],"per":[119,130],"iteration,":[120,131],"newly":[122],"proposed":[123,172],"method":[124],"one":[127],"which":[132],"makes":[133],"it":[134],"suitable":[135],"in":[136],"tracking":[137],"transient":[138],"systems.":[139],"We":[140],"also":[141],"establish":[142],"an":[143],"almost":[144],"sure":[145],"convergence":[146],"result":[147,177],"algorithms":[151],"time-varying":[153],"objective":[154],"functions.":[155],"numerical":[158],"illustration,":[159],"consider":[161],"non-additive":[163],"noise":[164],"polynomial":[167],"controller":[168],"FA,":[169],"shows":[174],"promising":[176],"converging":[179],"global":[182],"minimum":[183],"small":[186],"number":[187],"iterations.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}