{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2146838244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2011.5766117","title":"On the baseband communication performance of physical layer steganography","display_name":"On the baseband communication performance of physical layer steganography","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2146838244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2011.5766117","mag":"2146838244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ciss.2011.5766117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2011.5766117","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 45th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056307592","display_name":"Pedro N. Safier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0435-5602"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pedro N. Safier","raw_affiliation_strings":["S and J Solutions LLC, Alexandria, VA, USA","S&J Solutions LLC, 107 S. West St. PMB 509, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"S and J Solutions LLC, Alexandria, VA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"S&J Solutions LLC, 107 S. West St. PMB 509, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046554706","display_name":"Ira S. Moskowitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9862-6452"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482696","display_name":"Naval Research Laboratory Information Technology Division","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfp8b22","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1288214837","display_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/04d23a975","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I175003984","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ira S. Moskowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for High Assurance Computer Systems, 5540, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA","Center for High Assurance Computer Systems, 5540, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for High Assurance Computer Systems, 5540, Naval Research Laboratory, Inc., Washington D.C., DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for High Assurance Computer Systems, 5540, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1288214837","https://openalex.org/I4388482696"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060438816","display_name":"Paul Cotae","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2339-5132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174612323","display_name":"University of the District of Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/037wegn60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174612323"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Cotae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of District of Columbia, Washington D.C., DC, USA","Electrical Engineering Department, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, 20008, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of District of Columbia, Washington D.C., DC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174612323"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, 20008, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174612323"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056307592"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17904317,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.7911725044250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/additive-white-gaussian-noise","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","score":0.7564550638198853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7550481557846069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.7533459663391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseband","display_name":"Baseband","score":0.5785602331161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cover","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","score":0.5073441863059998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.5061513781547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.5011844635009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4862717390060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.4702048897743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-noise","display_name":"Gaussian noise","score":0.4425727427005768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36985036730766296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.34495723247528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34061092138290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2575531005859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.15859255194664001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14601361751556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.1100500226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08695504069328308}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.7911725044250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169334058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q353292","display_name":"Additive white Gaussian noise","level":3,"score":0.7564550638198853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7550481557846069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.7533459663391113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.5785602331161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780428219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16952335","display_name":"Cover (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5073441863059998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5061513781547546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.5011844635009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4862717390060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.4702048897743225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4199805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2725903","display_name":"Gaussian noise","level":2,"score":0.4425727427005768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36985036730766296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34495723247528076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34061092138290405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2575531005859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.15859255194664001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14601361751556396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.1100500226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08695504069328308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ciss.2011.5766117","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2011.5766117","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 45th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578078185","https://openalex.org/W2003546648","https://openalex.org/W2074038549","https://openalex.org/W2134893787","https://openalex.org/W2153644609","https://openalex.org/W2541749981","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W4229877414","https://openalex.org/W6634634616"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3203504906","https://openalex.org/W2497446005","https://openalex.org/W2171676767","https://openalex.org/W4312890355","https://openalex.org/W2189589914","https://openalex.org/W83713408","https://openalex.org/W4293373802","https://openalex.org/W4318577714","https://openalex.org/W1716757876","https://openalex.org/W4285356283"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,78],"this":[1],"paper":[2],"we":[3,80,100],"explore":[4],"the":[5,20,35,44,57,64,72,76,83,91,104],"possibility":[6],"of":[7,51],"sending":[8],"a":[9,14,29,49],"steganographically":[10],"hidden":[11,21,58,84],"message":[12,59,85],"through":[13],"digital":[15],"communication":[16],"channel.":[17,77],"We":[18,42],"view":[19],"(embedded)":[22],"information":[23,92],"as":[24,48],"additional":[25],"noise":[26,40,74],"added":[27],"to":[28,88],"cover":[30],"message,":[31],"in":[32,63,75],"conjunction":[33],"with":[34,95],"inherent":[36],"additive":[37],"white":[38],"Gaussian":[39],"(AWGN).":[41],"use":[43],"bit":[45],"error":[46],"rate":[47],"function":[50],"signal-to-noise":[52],"ratio,":[53],"and":[54,99],"investigate":[55],"whether":[56],"is":[60,86,93],"truly":[61],"steganographic":[62,105],"sense":[65],"that":[66,82],"it":[67],"cannot":[68],"be":[69],"distinguished":[70],"from":[71],"usual":[73],"addition":[79],"show":[81],"harder":[87],"detect":[89],"when":[90],"encoded":[94],"an":[96],"error-correcting":[97],"code,":[98],"present":[101],"limits":[102],"on":[103],"payload.":[106]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
