{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1997228109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2008.4558545","title":"Self-encoded spread spectrum synchronization with genetic algorithm and Markov chain analysis","display_name":"Self-encoded spread spectrum synchronization with genetic algorithm and Markov chain analysis","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1997228109","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2008.4558545","mag":"1997228109"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ciss.2008.4558545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2008.4558545","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 42nd Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088848527","display_name":"Kun Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8425-6155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122266389","display_name":"University of Nebraska at Omaha","ror":"https://ror.org/04yrkc140","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kun Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Electronic Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","Dept. of Comput. & Electron. Eng., Nebraska Univ., Omaha, NE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Electronic Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. & Electron. Eng., Nebraska Univ., Omaha, NE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083600480","display_name":"Lim Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9368-7734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122266389","display_name":"University of Nebraska at Omaha","ror":"https://ror.org/04yrkc140","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lim Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Electronic Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","Dept. of Comput. & Electron. Eng., Nebraska Univ., Omaha, NE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Electronic Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. & Electron. Eng., Nebraska Univ., Omaha, NE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047643781","display_name":"Won Mee Jang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-6610"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122266389","display_name":"University of Nebraska at Omaha","ror":"https://ror.org/04yrkc140","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Won Mee Jang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer and Electronic Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","Dept. of Comput. & Electron. Eng., Nebraska Univ., Omaha, NE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Electronic Engineering, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Omaha, NE, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. & Electron. Eng., Nebraska Univ., Omaha, NE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122266389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088848527"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901","https://openalex.org/I122266389"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0998,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79744865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"324","last_page":"329"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10125","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Techniques","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.756730318069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6650216579437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6592690944671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.6338590383529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6253294944763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.5421340465545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5269275903701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4945947825908661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.4880153238773346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4834666848182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.46305227279663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.4539189338684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-noise","display_name":"Pseudorandom noise","score":0.4335729777812958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3466222882270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.3035971224308014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19834786653518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1865863800048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.1705404818058014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09789007902145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.07541397213935852}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.756730318069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6650216579437256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6592690944671631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.6338590383529663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6253294944763184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5421340465545654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5269275903701782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4945947825908661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.4880153238773346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4834666848182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.46305227279663086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.4539189338684082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151881341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910571","display_name":"Pseudorandom noise","level":4,"score":0.4335729777812958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3466222882270813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.3035971224308014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19834786653518677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1865863800048828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.1705404818058014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09789007902145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.07541397213935852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ciss.2008.4558545","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ciss.2008.4558545","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2008 42nd Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514324734","https://openalex.org/W2014986130","https://openalex.org/W2019298113","https://openalex.org/W2076251206","https://openalex.org/W2097571405","https://openalex.org/W2131840251","https://openalex.org/W2149188938"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W138750862","https://openalex.org/W2026462323","https://openalex.org/W3022692476","https://openalex.org/W2134823206","https://openalex.org/W2566455368","https://openalex.org/W2148313147","https://openalex.org/W2565613228","https://openalex.org/W2010281683","https://openalex.org/W2349461084","https://openalex.org/W2056318447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,32,84],"self-encoded":[1],"spread":[2],"spectrum":[3],"(SESS),":[4],"the":[5,17,23,55,65,73,86,97,106],"traditional":[6],"transmitting":[7],"and":[8,45,58,102,111],"receiving":[9],"PN":[10],"code":[11],"generators":[12],"are":[13,20],"not":[14],"needed.":[15],"Instead,":[16],"spreading":[18,67],"codes":[19],"extracted":[21],"from":[22],"user's":[24],"information":[25],"source,":[26],"resulting":[27],"in":[28,54],"time-varying":[29],"random":[30],"codes.":[31],"this":[33],"paper,":[34],"we":[35],"analyze":[36],"SESS":[37,116],"synchronization":[38],"by":[39],"means":[40],"of":[41,80,108],"a":[42],"genetic":[43,51,109],"model":[44,110],"Markov":[46,112],"chain.":[47],"This":[48],"approach":[49],"employs":[50],"search":[52],"algorithm":[53],"sequence":[56,68,88],"generation":[57],"revision.":[59],"Initial":[60],"acquisition":[61],"is":[62,93],"achieved":[63],"when":[64],"transmitter":[66],"has":[69],"been":[70],"reproduced":[71,87],"at":[72],"receiver":[74],"to":[75],"within":[76],"an":[77],"acceptable":[78],"number":[79],"initial":[81,90],"chip":[82,91],"errors.":[83],"tracking,":[85],"with":[89],"errors":[92],"then":[94],"transited":[95],"into":[96],"error-free":[98],"state.":[99],"The":[100],"analytical":[101],"simulation":[103],"results":[104],"demonstrate":[105],"veracity":[107],"chain":[113],"analysis":[114],"for":[115],"synchronization.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
