{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2119825442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cira.2003.1222286","title":"Sourceless tracking of human posture using small inertial/magnetic sensors","display_name":"Sourceless tracking of human posture using small inertial/magnetic sensors","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2119825442","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cira.2003.1222286","mag":"2119825442"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cira.2003.1222286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cira.2003.1222286","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation. Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation for the New Millennium (Cat. No.03EX694)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001722706","display_name":"E.R. Bachmann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83328450","display_name":"Miami University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nbqxr67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E.R. Bachmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Deparhnent of Computer Science and Systems Analysis, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA","Naval Postgraduate School, Moves Institute, Monterrey, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Deparhnent of Computer Science and Systems Analysis, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83328450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School, Moves Institute, Monterrey, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110579954","display_name":"Xiaoping Yun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoping Yun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Postgraduate School, Moves Institute, Monterrey, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School, Moves Institute, Monterrey, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109139933","display_name":"Robert B. McGhee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","display_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","ror":"https://ror.org/033yfkj90","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I3130687028","https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.B. McGhee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Postgraduate School, Moves Institute, Monterrey, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Postgraduate School, Moves Institute, Monterrey, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":58.6417,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99578511,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"822","last_page":"829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orientation","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","score":0.6963441967964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.6676024198532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.6642372608184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetometer","display_name":"Magnetometer","score":0.6340146064758301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-measurement-unit","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","score":0.6174779534339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyroscope","display_name":"Gyroscope","score":0.5579464435577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertial-frame-of-reference","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","score":0.5386699438095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5304604768753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.49303242564201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.438485324382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-system","display_name":"Tracking system","score":0.4257330000400543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.41897618770599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36308586597442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.31241875886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17402306199073792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09487494826316833}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16345878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107472979","display_name":"Orientation (vector space)","level":2,"score":0.6963441967964172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.6676024198532104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.6642372608184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153946474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333921","display_name":"Magnetometer","level":3,"score":0.6340146064758301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79061980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941680","display_name":"Inertial measurement unit","level":2,"score":0.6174779534339905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158488048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483400","display_name":"Gyroscope","level":2,"score":0.5579464435577393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173386949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192735","display_name":"Inertial frame of reference","level":2,"score":0.5386699438095093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5304604768753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.49303242564201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.438485324382782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.4257330000400543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.41897618770599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36308586597442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.31241875886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17402306199073792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09487494826316833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cira.2003.1222286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cira.2003.1222286","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation. Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation for the New Millennium (Cat. No.03EX694)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:calhoun.nps.edu:10945/63777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10945/63777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400952","display_name":"Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I35364215","host_organization_name":"Naval Postgraduate School","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35364215"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332923","display_name":"U.S. Navy","ror":"https://ror.org/03ar0mv07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1573896712","https://openalex.org/W2042503110","https://openalex.org/W2064313486","https://openalex.org/W2068415364","https://openalex.org/W2115615338","https://openalex.org/W2117733025","https://openalex.org/W2127156632","https://openalex.org/W2137553607","https://openalex.org/W2141404075","https://openalex.org/W2532146065","https://openalex.org/W6634460211"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973973903","https://openalex.org/W3195533899","https://openalex.org/W3208523813","https://openalex.org/W4287084017","https://openalex.org/W3179745820","https://openalex.org/W2943094359","https://openalex.org/W2537790823","https://openalex.org/W2594666386","https://openalex.org/W2545638156","https://openalex.org/W2359095091"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"body":[1,106],"posture":[2],"can":[3],"be":[4,48,54,68],"tracked":[5],"in":[6,85,129],"real-time":[7],"using":[8],"small":[9,49,122],"inexpensive":[10],"inertial/magnetic":[11,26],"sensor":[12,113],"modules":[13],"to":[14,53,57,78,94,127],"measure":[15],"the":[16,101,130,133],"orientation":[17,81,124],"of":[18,103,132],"individual":[19],"limb":[20,59],"segments.":[21],"To":[22],"perform":[23],"this":[24],"task":[25],"sensors":[27,46],"generally":[28],"contain:":[29],"three":[30,36,41],"orthogonally":[31,37,42],"mounted":[32,38,43],"angular":[33],"rate":[34],"sensors,":[35],"accelerometers,":[39],"and":[40,50,61,88,114],"magnetometers.":[44],"These":[45],"must":[47,67],"light":[51],"enough":[52],"securely":[55],"attached":[56],"major":[58],"segments":[60],"avoid":[62],"user":[63],"encumbrance.":[64],"Sensor":[65],"data":[66],"processed":[69],"by":[70],"an":[71,110],"efficient":[72,115],"filtering":[73],"algorithm":[74],"that":[75],"is":[76],"able":[77],"produce":[79],"accurate":[80],"estimates":[82],"without":[83],"singularities":[84],"all":[86],"attitudes":[87],"does":[89],"not":[90],"require":[91],"still":[92],"periods":[93],"correct":[95],"for":[96,120],"drift.":[97],"This":[98],"paper":[99],"discusses":[100],"design":[102],"a":[104],"sourceless":[105],"tracking":[107],"system":[108],"with":[109],"emphasis":[111],"on":[112],"filter":[116],"design.":[117],"Various":[118],"methods":[119],"mitigating":[121],"transient":[123],"errors":[125],"due":[126],"variability":[128],"direction":[131],"local":[134],"magnetic":[135],"field":[136],"vector":[137],"are":[138],"also":[139],"described.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
