{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2766502064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cig.2017.8080414","title":"Detecting flow in games using facial expressions","display_name":"Detecting flow in games using facial expressions","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2766502064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cig.2017.8080414","mag":"2766502064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cig.2017.8080414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cig.2017.8080414","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003282798","display_name":"Andrew Burns","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Burns","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050357566","display_name":"James Tulip","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153230381","display_name":"Charles Sturt University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wfvh315","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Tulip","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Mathematics, Charles Sturt University, Bathurst, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153230381"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81216216,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"45","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13219","display_name":"Mind wandering and attention","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.7291404008865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affective-computing","display_name":"Affective computing","score":0.7143188714981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.7129215002059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6344972848892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5894756317138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.5135471820831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5047732591629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arousal","display_name":"Arousal","score":0.4913462698459625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.46254202723503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4619605243206024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4494306445121765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4451681673526764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.39812350273132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3486265242099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32649433612823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-psychology","display_name":"Social psychology","score":0.17123019695281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.128167986869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1182507574558258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.11642038822174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.10808303952217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09316086769104004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.7291404008865356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6438553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185804","display_name":"Affective computing","level":2,"score":0.7143188714981079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.7129215002059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6344972848892212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5894756317138672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.5135471820831299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5047732591629028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.4913462698459625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46254202723503113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4619605243206024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4494306445121765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4451681673526764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.39812350273132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3486265242099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32649433612823486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.17123019695281982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.128167986869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1182507574558258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.11642038822174072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.10808303952217102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09316086769104004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cig.2017.8080414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cig.2017.8080414","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games (CIG)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64812049","https://openalex.org/W182972537","https://openalex.org/W1783051450","https://openalex.org/W1919094054","https://openalex.org/W2002976116","https://openalex.org/W2005451131","https://openalex.org/W2018543616","https://openalex.org/W2022024883","https://openalex.org/W2058064543","https://openalex.org/W2075830307","https://openalex.org/W2083165815","https://openalex.org/W2084618960","https://openalex.org/W2111474613","https://openalex.org/W2126707560","https://openalex.org/W2140205964","https://openalex.org/W2149628368","https://openalex.org/W2165857685","https://openalex.org/W2173545186","https://openalex.org/W2278113816","https://openalex.org/W2550761877","https://openalex.org/W2562734404","https://openalex.org/W2754862933","https://openalex.org/W3015341521","https://openalex.org/W4231042348","https://openalex.org/W4254120980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2753175802","https://openalex.org/W2809214204","https://openalex.org/W4398164220","https://openalex.org/W2745497104","https://openalex.org/W2773864994","https://openalex.org/W2341941284","https://openalex.org/W4310841718","https://openalex.org/W2775620487","https://openalex.org/W1997400788","https://openalex.org/W2112393832"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"games":[1],"use":[2],"dynamic":[3,56],"difficulty":[4,45,57],"adjustment":[5,58],"(DDA)":[6],"to":[7,36,41,46,77,144],"promote":[8],"the":[9,29,48,127,135,150,168,172,177,204,228],"achievement":[10],"of":[11,28,73,129,132,152,167,187,202,221,230,241],"flow":[12,188,231],"and":[13,65,99,119,140,194,250],"consequent":[14],"positive":[15,195],"affective":[16,38,50,79,92,245],"states.":[17],"However,":[18,90],"performance":[19],"based":[20],"DDA":[21,174],"assume":[22],"a":[23,70,111,117,130,157,184,200,219,233,239],"specific":[24],"ludic":[25],"attitude:":[26],"that":[27],"hard-core":[30],"gamer.":[31],"An":[32],"alternative":[33],"approach":[34],"is":[35,97],"apply":[37],"computing":[39],"techniques":[40],"monitor":[42],"players":[43],"adjust":[44],"achieve":[47,66],"desired":[49],"state":[51,80,93,201,236],"directly.":[52],"Such":[53],"an":[54],"emotion-controlled":[55],"(EC-DDA)":[59],"system":[60],"might":[61],"be":[62,87,101,208,215],"more":[63],"flexible":[64],"better":[67],"outcomes":[68],"for":[69,159],"wider":[71],"variety":[72],"players.":[74],"Current":[75],"approaches":[76],"monitoring":[78,91],"such":[81,247],"as":[82,156,189,232,248],"ECGs":[83],"or":[84],"EEGs":[85],"can":[86,100],"very":[88],"intrusive.":[89],"using":[94,153],"facial":[95,121,142,154],"expressions":[96,143,155],"non-intrusive,":[98],"done":[102],"with":[103,183],"minimal,":[104],"generally":[105],"existing":[106],"hardware.":[107],"This":[108],"paper":[109],"presents":[110,126],"simple":[112,244],"arcade":[113],"styled":[114],"game":[115],"incorporating":[116],"webcam":[118],"COTS":[120],"expression":[122],"analytical":[123],"software.":[124],"It":[125],"results":[128],"set":[131],"experiments":[133],"investigating":[134],"issues":[136],"involved":[137],"in":[138,171,199],"collecting":[139],"analyzing":[141],"determine":[145],"player":[146,161],"affect.":[147,196],"Results":[148],"demonstrate":[149],"feasibility":[151],"mechanism":[158],"determining":[160],"affect,":[162],"but":[163],"also":[164],"illustrate":[165],"some":[166],"difficulties":[169],"inherent":[170],"EC-":[173],"approach.":[175],"Specifically,":[176],"affects":[178],"observed":[179],"are":[180],"not":[181],"consistent":[182],"standard":[185],"interpretation":[186],"characterized":[190],"by":[191],"high":[192],"arousal":[193],"Instead,":[197],"even":[198],"flow,":[203],"affect":[205,213],"expressed":[206],"may":[207,214],"flat.":[209],"In":[210],"other":[211],"instances,":[212],"highly":[216],"variable,":[217],"expressing":[218],"range":[220],"transitory":[222],"basic":[223],"emotions.":[224],"Preliminary":[225],"findings":[226],"support":[227],"notion":[229],"complex":[234],"cognitive":[235],"resulting":[237],"from":[238],"cycle":[240],"transitions":[242],"between":[243],"states":[246],"frustration":[249],"joy.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}