{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410492978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10983815","title":"A 300-kHz 3-Level Flyback Converter Achieving 93% Peak Efficiency and 50% Reduction in Transformer Size","display_name":"A 300-kHz 3-Level Flyback Converter Achieving 93% Peak Efficiency and 50% Reduction in Transformer Size","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410492978","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10983815"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10983815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10983815","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015809924","display_name":"Yanrui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8966-1459"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzhuo Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macau,Macau,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macau,Macau,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106943352","display_name":"Rui P. Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-648X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Paulo Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macau,Macau,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macau,Macau,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041237834","display_name":"Mo Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0497-194X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mo Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Macau,Macau,China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Macau,Macau,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015809924"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11168816,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12898","display_name":"Induction Heating and Inverter Technology","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11444","display_name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility and Noise Suppression","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flyback-transformer","display_name":"Flyback transformer","score":0.7345567345619202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flyback-converter","display_name":"Flyback converter","score":0.7225451469421387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5957130789756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5032340884208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4599979817867279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3545587658882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.35271263122558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.32736629247665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.31034934520721436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1920403242111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.16205447912216187}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17321440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184909","display_name":"Flyback transformer","level":4,"score":0.7345567345619202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103303742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1293595","display_name":"Flyback converter","level":4,"score":0.7225451469421387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5957130789756775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5032340884208679},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4599979817867279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3545587658882141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.35271263122558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32736629247665405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.31034934520721436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1920403242111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.16205447912216187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10983815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10983815","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8399999737739563}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8850345465","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0041/2022/A1,004/2023/SKL","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321655","display_name":"Science and Technology Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/044vr6g03"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W4280580594","https://openalex.org/W6657954685","https://openalex.org/W6744788643","https://openalex.org/W6776216098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323891767","https://openalex.org/W2137442787","https://openalex.org/W2362271646","https://openalex.org/W2270398448","https://openalex.org/W2365630348","https://openalex.org/W2090748267","https://openalex.org/W2888478428","https://openalex.org/W4390817172","https://openalex.org/W2546734006","https://openalex.org/W2904180760"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Flyback":[0],"converters":[1],"are":[2],"widely":[3],"used":[4,117],"in":[5,71,186,217,221],"smartphone":[6],"fast":[7],"chargers":[8],"and":[9,29,84,143],"industrial":[10],"power":[11],"supplies.":[12],"A":[13],"conventional":[14],"flyback":[15],"converter":[16,53],"(Fig.":[17,190],"1)":[18],"consists":[19],"of":[20,51,82,153,181,194,205],"a":[21,23,30,107,124],"transformer,":[22,183],"primary-side":[24],"switch":[25],"<tex":[26,34,48,60,75,109,119,126,140,147,156,160,174,214,225],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[27,35,42,49,61,76,110,120,127,141,148,157,161,175,200,215,226],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$Q_{\\mathrm{P}}$</tex>":[28],"secondary-side":[31],"synchronous":[32],"rectifier":[33],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{Q}_{\\text{SR}}$</tex>":[36],"(for":[37],"high":[38,136,211,222],"efficiency).":[39],"For":[40],"220-V<inf":[41],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">RMS</inf>":[43],"applications,":[44],"the":[45,52,79,97,103,154,164,179,182,206,210,218],"input":[46],"voltage":[47,58],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(V_{\\text{IN}})$</tex>,":[50],"is":[54,78,115,167,197],"around":[55,203],"300V.":[56],"The":[57,150,192],"across":[59],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$\\mathrm{Q}_{\\mathrm{P}},":[62],"V_{\\text{QP}}=V_{\\text{I":[63],"N}}+N_{\\text{PS":[64],"}}":[65],"\\times":[66],"V_{\\text{OUT":[67],"}}$</tex>":[68],"(eq.":[69],"(1)":[70],"Fig.":[72],"1,":[73],"where":[74,159],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$N_{\\text{PS}}$</tex>":[77],"turn":[80],"ratio":[81],"primary":[83],"secondary":[85],"windings),":[86],"can":[87],"exceed":[88],"400V.":[89],"This":[90,172],"value":[91],"may":[92],"increase":[93],"further":[94],"due":[95],"to":[96,135,170],"high-amplitude,":[98],"high-frequency":[99],"ringing":[100],"caused":[101],"by":[102],"leakage":[104],"inductance.":[105],"Therefore,":[106],"high-":[108,125],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$V_{\\text{DS}}$</tex>":[111,128],"(typically":[112],"650V)":[113],"device":[114,129],"commonly":[116],"for":[118],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$Q_{\\mathrm{P}}$</tex>.":[121],"However,":[122],"such":[123],"has":[130],"large":[131],"parasitic":[132],"capacitance,":[133],"leading":[134],"V-I":[137],"overlap":[138],"loss":[139,146,224],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(P_{\\text{sw}})$</tex>":[142],"output":[144],"capacitance":[145],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(P_{\\text{coss}})$</tex>.":[149],"max":[151],"frequency":[152],"inductor":[155],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$(f_{\\mathrm{L}}=f_{\\text{SW}}$</tex>,":[158],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$f_{\\text{SW}}$</tex>":[162,176],"s":[163],"switching":[165],"frequency)":[166],"thus":[168],"limited":[169],"100kHz.":[171],"low":[173],"significantly":[177],"increases":[178],"size":[180,193],"as":[184],"seen":[185],"Apple":[187],"A2164":[188],"[1]":[189],"1).":[191],"its":[195],"transformer":[196,219],"20\u00d715\u00d713":[198],"mm<sup":[199],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">3</sup>,":[201],"occupying":[202],"30%":[204],"entire":[207],"charger.":[208],"Meanwhile,":[209],"peak":[212],"current":[213],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$I_{\\text{PK}}$</tex>":[216],"results":[220],"core":[223],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">$P_{\\text{CORE}}$</tex>.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
