{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410492669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10982866","title":"A DAC-based Transmitter with VCSEL Bias-Current Generation enabling 180 Gbit/s PAM-8 Electrical and 100 Gbit/s PAM-4 VCSEL-based Transmission in 22nm SOI","display_name":"A DAC-based Transmitter with VCSEL Bias-Current Generation enabling 180 Gbit/s PAM-8 Electrical and 100 Gbit/s PAM-4 VCSEL-based Transmission in 22nm SOI","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410492669","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10982866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10982866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10982866","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047624328","display_name":"Urs Hecht","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3693-4553"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Urs Hecht","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064858827","display_name":"Philipp Scholz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7209-3117"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp Scholz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086734803","display_name":"Patrick Kurth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6164-5756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Kurth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037582044","display_name":"Frowin Buballa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2659-0152"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frowin Buballa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058702536","display_name":"Helia Ordouei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-0683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helia Ordouei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032302022","display_name":"Friedel Gerfers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0520-1923"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Friedel Gerfers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair Mixed Signal Circuit Design,TU Berlin,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047624328"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11157125,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"3"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10022","display_name":"Semiconductor Quantum Structures and Devices","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gigabit","display_name":"Gigabit","score":0.8739789724349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertical-cavity-surface-emitting-laser","display_name":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser","score":0.857930600643158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.6366220712661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.6126550436019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.571528434753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.5510238409042358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon-on-insulator","display_name":"Silicon on insulator","score":0.5473856329917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-laser-theory","display_name":"Semiconductor laser theory","score":0.4248318672180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.39574816823005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.3321288824081421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser","display_name":"Laser","score":0.31427496671676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor","display_name":"Semiconductor","score":0.2790454030036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.26359495520591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.21119067072868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/silicon","display_name":"Silicon","score":0.1614428460597992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12941333651542664}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21922175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3105497","display_name":"Gigabit","level":2,"score":0.8739789724349976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106246969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2009618","display_name":"Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser","level":3,"score":0.857930600643158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.6366220712661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6126550436019897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.571528434753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.5510238409042358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53143962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478788","display_name":"Silicon on insulator","level":3,"score":0.5473856329917908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121477167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154002","display_name":"Semiconductor laser theory","level":3,"score":0.4248318672180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.39574816823005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3321288824081421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.31427496671676636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108225325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11456","display_name":"Semiconductor","level":2,"score":0.2790454030036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.26359495520591736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21119067072868347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544956773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670","display_name":"Silicon","level":2,"score":0.1614428460597992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12941333651542664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10982866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc63670.2025.10982866","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8600000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8559018191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"INST 131/848-1 FUGG,INST 131/849-1 FUGG,INST 131/874-1 FUGG","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2030249347","https://openalex.org/W2093095114","https://openalex.org/W2966095298","https://openalex.org/W3200274002","https://openalex.org/W4387411208","https://openalex.org/W4392739538","https://openalex.org/W6750076361","https://openalex.org/W6774185186"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104300577","https://openalex.org/W4206445530","https://openalex.org/W2771786520","https://openalex.org/W2355663289","https://openalex.org/W2982399888","https://openalex.org/W1684040101","https://openalex.org/W4247099740","https://openalex.org/W3201936215","https://openalex.org/W2085983824","https://openalex.org/W2035582719"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0,109],"trends":[1],"like":[2],"AI,":[3],"cloud":[4],"computing,":[5],"video":[6],"streaming,":[7],"and":[8,21,193],"the":[9,35,67,77,95,104,116,128,146,152,163,175,187,194,213,236],"internet":[10],"of":[11,118,137,151,217],"things":[12],"create":[13],"a":[14,43,230],"demand":[15],"for":[16,34],"low":[17],"cost,":[18],"high":[19],"bandwidth":[20,195],"highly":[22,147],"energy":[23],"efficient":[24],"short-reach":[25],"data":[26,29,38,78,135],"links":[27],"reaching":[28],"rates":[30,136],"beyond":[31],"100":[32],"Gbit/s":[33],"use":[36],"in":[37,64,66,115,155],"centers.":[39],"Transmitters":[40],"(TX)":[41],"utilizing":[42],"directly":[44],"modulated":[45],"vertical-cavity":[46],"surface":[47],"emitting":[48],"laser":[49],"(VCSEL)":[50],"diodes":[51],"provide":[52],"adequate":[53],"(BER/SNR)":[54],"performance":[55],"at":[56,134],"lowest":[57],"cost":[58],"but":[59],"have":[60,87,111],"not":[61,88,102],"significantly":[62],"increased":[63],"speed/bandwidth":[65],"last":[68],"years":[69],"[1],":[70],"[3].":[71,108],"Utilizing":[72],"PAM-4":[73,98,176,183],"modulation":[74,168],"essentially":[75],"doubles":[76],"rate":[79],"(in":[80],"comparison":[81],"to":[82,91,126,130,139,145,174,198],"NRZ),":[83],"however":[84],"VCSEL":[85],"drivers":[86],"been":[89,113],"able":[90,125],"exploit":[92],"this,":[93],"as":[94,178,180,186],"fastest":[96,105],"published":[97],"driver":[99,107],"[2]":[100],"is":[101,143,171],"outperforming":[103],"NRZ":[106],"improvements":[110],"solely":[112],"achieved":[114],"realm":[117],"power":[119],"efficiency":[120,129],"where":[121],"[3],":[122],"[4]":[123],"were":[124,241],"push":[127],"under":[131],"1":[132],"pJ/bit":[133],"up":[138],"80":[140],"Gbit/s.":[141],"This":[142],"due":[144],"nonlinear":[148,205],"frequency":[149,160],"behavior":[150,206],"VCSEL,":[153],"depicted":[154],"Fig.":[156],"1.":[157],"The":[158],"resonance":[159],"(and":[161],"hence":[162],"bandwidth)":[164],"changes":[165],"both":[166],"with":[167],"current":[169],"(which":[170],"roughly":[172],"proportional":[173],"level)":[177],"well":[179],"temperature,":[181],"making":[182],"especially":[184],"challenging":[185],"ringing":[188],"goes":[189],"through":[190],"adjacent":[191],"eyes":[192],"change":[196],"leads":[197],"eye":[199],"skewing.":[200],"In":[201],"lab":[202],"measurements,":[203],"this":[204],"has":[207],"already":[208],"successfully":[209],"filtered":[210],"out":[211],"by":[212,234],"computationally":[214],"expensive":[215],"approach":[216],"Volterra":[218],"filtering":[219],"[5].":[220],"Later,":[221],"equalization":[222],"techniques":[223],"which":[224],"can":[225],"be":[226],"easily":[227],"implemented":[228],"using":[229],"lookup":[231],"table":[232],"(LUT)":[233],"switching":[235],"FFE":[237],"coefficients":[238],"data-dependent":[239],"[6]":[240],"developed.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
