{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2740455604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc.2018.8357072","title":"Hardware for machine learning: Challenges and opportunities","display_name":"Hardware for machine learning: Challenges and opportunities","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2740455604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc.2018.8357072","mag":"2740455604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cicc.2018.8357072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc.2018.8357072","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108508","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066351389","display_name":"Vivienne Sze","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vivienne Sze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025771815","display_name":"Yu-Hsin Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Hsin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024384625","display_name":"Joel Emer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel Emer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044057726","display_name":"Amr Suleiman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3669-4318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr Suleiman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100612732","display_name":"Zhengdong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9014-4646"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhengdong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066351389"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.3266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":95,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97596507,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7842183113098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5682665109634399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5248092412948608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5034841895103455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47572067379951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.4710027277469635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.4636105000972748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4487515687942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-technology","display_name":"Wearable technology","score":0.41382479667663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.4081026017665863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1149706244468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11294960975646973}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7842183113098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5682665109634399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5248092412948608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5034841895103455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47572067379951477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4710027277469635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.4636105000972748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4487515687942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54290928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4845080","display_name":"Wearable technology","level":3,"score":0.41382479667663574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.4081026017665863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1149706244468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11294960975646973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cicc.2018.8357072","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cicc.2018.8357072","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/108508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sze","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/112983","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/112983","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/108508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108508","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sze","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/ConferencePaper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1005811612","https://openalex.org/W1542981317","https://openalex.org/W1563088657","https://openalex.org/W1574719918","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1841592590","https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W1926592634","https://openalex.org/W1975253511","https://openalex.org/W1992781178","https://openalex.org/W1999085092","https://openalex.org/W2009832130","https://openalex.org/W2015861736","https://openalex.org/W2032397540","https://openalex.org/W2044535169","https://openalex.org/W2048266589","https://openalex.org/W2067523571","https://openalex.org/W2069743665","https://openalex.org/W2070167224","https://openalex.org/W2073922353","https://openalex.org/W2076496703","https://openalex.org/W2086659790","https://openalex.org/W2094756095","https://openalex.org/W2096645269","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2117696986","https://openalex.org/W2118552413","https://openalex.org/W2124386111","https://openalex.org/W2125186487","https://openalex.org/W2138207765","https://openalex.org/W2152839228","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2168356304","https://openalex.org/W2172654076","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2260663238","https://openalex.org/W2285660444","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2291643118","https://openalex.org/W2292684827","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2337344472","https://openalex.org/W2339460208","https://openalex.org/W2431931973","https://openalex.org/W2442974303","https://openalex.org/W2483966489","https://openalex.org/W2508602506","https://openalex.org/W2511743527","https://openalex.org/W2516141709","https://openalex.org/W2518281301","https://openalex.org/W2518511512","https://openalex.org/W2527492855","https://openalex.org/W2554302513","https://openalex.org/W2624789836","https://openalex.org/W2757644909","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963340555","https://openalex.org/W2963893493","https://openalex.org/W3024621361","https://openalex.org/W4233670287","https://openalex.org/W4247198796","https://openalex.org/W4297944103","https://openalex.org/W6626177569","https://openalex.org/W6634534290","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6640442106","https://openalex.org/W6668704051","https://openalex.org/W6677103964","https://openalex.org/W6677797981","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6696939137","https://openalex.org/W6698200048","https://openalex.org/W6703414193","https://openalex.org/W6727867346"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3090300519","https://openalex.org/W2514492205","https://openalex.org/W4250401876","https://openalex.org/W2943851981","https://openalex.org/W2095299560","https://openalex.org/W2907667791","https://openalex.org/W3047461507","https://openalex.org/W3126390843","https://openalex.org/W4245880644","https://openalex.org/W2999186374"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Machine":[0],"learning":[1,139],"plays":[2],"a":[3,147],"critical":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,39,84,102,132],"extracting":[7],"meaningful":[8],"information":[9],"out":[10],"of":[11,14,58,62,178],"the":[12,23,30,42,50,69,74,85,90,116,128,133,143],"zetabytes":[13],"sensor":[15,70,91],"data":[16,31,51,145,157],"collected":[17],"every":[18],"day.":[19],"For":[20,60],"some":[21],"applications,":[22,41,64,137],"goal":[24,43],"is":[25,44,71,111],"to":[26,32,45,77,104],"analyze":[27],"and":[28,100,106,130,159,188,193],"understand":[29],"identify":[33],"trends":[34],"(e.g.,":[35,52,126],"surveillance,":[36],"portable/wearable":[37],"electronics);":[38],"other":[40],"take":[46],"immediate":[47],"action":[48],"based":[49],"robotics/drones,":[53],"self-driving":[54],"cars,":[55],"smart":[56],"Internet":[57],"Things).":[59],"many":[61,136],"these":[63,170],"local":[65],"embedded":[66],"processing":[67,117],"near":[68],"preferred":[72],"over":[73],"cloud":[75],"due":[76],"privacy":[78],"or":[79,82,124],"latency":[80],"concerns,":[81],"limitations":[83],"communication":[86],"bandwidth.":[87],"However,":[88],"at":[89,175],"there":[92],"are":[93],"often":[94,112,140],"stringent":[95],"constraints":[96],"on":[97],"energy":[98,161],"consumption":[99],"cost":[101],"addition":[103],"throughput":[105],"accuracy":[107],"requirements.":[108],"Furthermore,":[109],"flexibility":[110],"required":[113],"such":[114],"that":[115],"can":[118,172],"be":[119,173],"adapted":[120],"for":[121],"different":[122],"applications":[123],"environments":[125],"update":[127],"weights":[129],"model":[131],"classifier).":[134],"In":[135,163],"machine":[138],"involves":[141],"transforming":[142],"input":[144],"into":[146],"higher":[148],"dimensional":[149],"space,":[150],"which,":[151],"along":[152],"with":[153],"programmable":[154],"weights,":[155],"increases":[156],"movement":[158],"consequently":[160],"consumption.":[162],"this":[164],"paper,":[165],"we":[166],"will":[167],"discuss":[168],"how":[169],"challenges":[171],"addressed":[174],"various":[176],"levels":[177],"hardware":[179],"design":[180],"ranging":[181],"from":[182],"architecture,":[183],"hardware-friendly":[184],"algorithms,":[185],"mixed-signal":[186],"circuits,":[187],"advanced":[189],"technologies":[190],"(including":[191],"memories":[192],"sensors).":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}