{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3206201275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cibcb49929.2021.9562821","title":"CNN-based Approaches For Cross-Subject Classification in Motor Imagery: From The State-of-The-Art to DynamicNet","display_name":"CNN-based Approaches For Cross-Subject Classification in Motor Imagery: From The State-of-The-Art to DynamicNet","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3206201275","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cibcb49929.2021.9562821","mag":"3206201275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.07917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.07917","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.07917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.07917","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051517522","display_name":"Alberto Zancanaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5276-7030"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zancanaro A.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. Information Engineering, University of Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Information Engineering, University of Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034563842","display_name":"Giulia Cisotto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9554-9367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","display_name":"University of Padua","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099310","display_name":"Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Telecomunicazioni","ror":"https://ror.org/0182a5n39","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cisotto G.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. Information Engineering, University of Padova, Italy","National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications (CNIT), Padova, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. Information Engineering, University of Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Inter-University Consortium for Telecommunications (CNIT), Padova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099310"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063058642","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2924-1687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125590","display_name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","ror":"https://ror.org/033wn8m60","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paulo J. R.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059959401","display_name":"Gabriel Pires","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9967-845X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125590","display_name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","ror":"https://ror.org/033wn8m60","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126619","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Tomar","ror":"https://ror.org/03gsfpp62","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126619"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pires G.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Engineering Department, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal","Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Engineering Department, Polytechnic Institute of Tomar, Tomar, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126619"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011728288","display_name":"Urbano Nunes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7750-5221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125590","display_name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","ror":"https://ror.org/033wn8m60","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76903346","display_name":"University of Coimbra","ror":"https://ror.org/04z8k9a98","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nunes U. J.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Systems and Robotics, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I76903346"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76903346"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8571,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91145396,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8025219440460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.7969912886619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.7431429028511047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6757574677467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6230694055557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-validation","display_name":"Cross-validation","score":0.6075749397277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5988343954086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5950654149055481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5445551872253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.5074650645256042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4389355182647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35515326261520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07903826236724854}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8025219440460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.7969912886619568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.7431429028511047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6757574677467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6230694055557251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.6075749397277832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5988343954086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5950654149055481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5445551872253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5074650645256042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4389355182647705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35515326261520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07903826236724854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.07917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.07917","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.07917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arts.units.it:11368/3096135","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11368/3096135","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402362","display_name":"ArTS Archivio della ricerca di Trieste (University of Trieste https://www.units.it/)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142444530","host_organization_name":"University of Trieste","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142444530"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:boa.unimib.it:10281/370035","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10281/370035","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401259","display_name":"BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.07917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.07917","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.07917","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1263549000","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UIDB/00048/2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311581","funder_display_name":"Independent Social Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311581","display_name":"Independent Social Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/01qfkht77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321966","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Padova","ror":"https://ror.org/00240q980"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337197","display_name":"Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Supply Chain","ror":"https://ror.org/05tj7dm33"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1904681697","https://openalex.org/W2031924418","https://openalex.org/W2034312116","https://openalex.org/W2044455804","https://openalex.org/W2082070408","https://openalex.org/W2128404967","https://openalex.org/W2132360759","https://openalex.org/W2151669316","https://openalex.org/W2559463885","https://openalex.org/W2741907166","https://openalex.org/W2792724009","https://openalex.org/W2915149867","https://openalex.org/W2952202798","https://openalex.org/W2954214015","https://openalex.org/W2962862931","https://openalex.org/W3009180679","https://openalex.org/W3017642177","https://openalex.org/W3030420691","https://openalex.org/W3040552008","https://openalex.org/W3040822952","https://openalex.org/W3083693766","https://openalex.org/W3102455230","https://openalex.org/W3102564565","https://openalex.org/W3152887310","https://openalex.org/W3162595154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W1513407214","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2047816336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Motor":[0],"imagery":[1],"(MI)-based":[2],"brain-computer":[3],"interface":[4],"(BCI)":[5],"systems":[6,32],"are":[7,68,227],"being":[8],"increasingly":[9],"employed":[10],"to":[11,29,52,83,88,100,105,137],"provide":[12],"alternative":[13],"means":[14],"of":[15,34,111,123,153,166],"communication":[16],"and":[17,75,104,150],"control":[18],"for":[19,131,148,174],"people":[20],"suffering":[21],"from":[22,43,47],"neuro-motor":[23],"impairments,":[24],"with":[25,134,183,218],"a":[26,62,121,145,171,186,219],"special":[27],"effort":[28],"bring":[30],"these":[31],"out":[33],"the":[35,66,107,124,164],"controlled":[36],"lab":[37],"environments.":[38],"Hence,":[39],"accurately":[40],"classifying":[41],"MI":[42,58,112,132,188],"brain":[44],"signals,":[45],"e.g.,":[46,93],"electroencephalography":[48],"(EEG),":[49],"is":[50,60],"essential":[51],"obtain":[53],"reliable":[54],"BCI":[55,113],"systems.":[56,114],"However,":[57],"classification":[59,109,189,197],"still":[61],"challenging":[63],"task,":[64],"because":[65],"signals":[67],"characterized":[69],"by":[70,168,215],"poor":[71],"SNR,":[72],"high":[73],"intra-subject":[74],"cross-subject":[76,108,139,196,224],"variability.":[77],"Deep":[78],"learning":[79,91,130,155],"approaches":[80],"have":[81],"started":[82],"emerge":[84],"as":[85],"valid":[86],"alternatives":[87],"standard":[89],"machine":[90],"techniques,":[92],"filter":[94],"bank":[95],"common":[96],"spatial":[97],"pattern":[98],"(FBCSP),":[99],"extract":[101],"subject-independent":[102],"features":[103],"increase":[106],"performance":[110,182],"In":[115],"this":[116],"paper,":[117],"we":[118,142,179,199,208],"first":[119],"present":[120],"review":[122],"most":[125],"recent":[126],"studies":[127],"using":[128],"deep":[129,154],"classification,":[133],"particular":[135],"attention":[136],"their":[138],"performance.":[140],"Second,":[141],"propose":[143],"DynamicNet,":[144],"Python-based":[146],"tool":[147],"quick":[149],"flexible":[151],"implementations":[152],"models":[156],"based":[157],"on":[158],"convolutional":[159],"neural":[160],"networks.":[161],"We":[162],"show-case":[163],"potentiality":[165],"DynamicNet":[167],"implementing":[169],"EEGNet,":[170],"well-established":[172],"architecture":[173],"effective":[175],"EEG":[176],"classification.":[177],"Finally,":[178],"compare":[180],"its":[181,195],"FBCSP":[184,214],"in":[185],"4-class":[187],"over":[190],"public":[191],"datasets.":[192],"To":[193],"explore":[194],"ability,":[198],"applied":[200],"three":[201],"different":[202],"cross-validation":[203],"schemes.":[204],"From":[205],"our":[206],"results,":[207],"demonstrate":[209],"that":[210],"DynamicNet-implemented":[211],"EEGNet":[212],"outperforms":[213],"about":[216],"25%,":[217],"statistically":[220],"significant":[221],"difference":[222],"when":[223],"validation":[225],"schemes":[226],"applied.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2021-10-25T00:00:00"}