{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2952416601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cgo.2019.8661201","title":"BOLT: A Practical Binary Optimizer for Data Centers and Beyond","display_name":"BOLT: A Practical Binary Optimizer for Data Centers and Beyond","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2952416601","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cgo.2019.8661201","mag":"2952416601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cgo.2019.8661201","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cgo.2019.8661201","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022126325","display_name":"Maksim Panchenko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6724-1306"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maksim Panchenko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082637020","display_name":"Rafael Auler","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rafael Auler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085150884","display_name":"Bill Nell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bill Nell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070551934","display_name":"Guilherme Ottoni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114444","display_name":"Meta (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01zbnvs85","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guilherme Ottoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114444","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022126325"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336","https://openalex.org/I4210114444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1592,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":86,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97797747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"2","last_page":"14"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8637707829475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compiler","display_name":"Compiler","score":0.8542938828468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/profiling","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","score":0.7883574962615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimizing-compiler","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","score":0.625732958316803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5177363753318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5145165920257568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5122958421707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.4709027111530304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.46653181314468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.4486980140209198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.4430951178073883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/program-optimization","display_name":"Program optimization","score":0.4357854425907135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.4195810854434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.26644936203956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.25532135367393494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.24582067131996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.1572248935699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.0834307074546814}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8637707829475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169590947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47506","display_name":"Compiler","level":2,"score":0.8542938828468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187191949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1138496","display_name":"Profiling (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.7883574962615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190902152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325106","display_name":"Optimizing compiler","level":3,"score":0.625732958316803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5177363753318787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5145165920257568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5122958421707153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.4709027111530304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.46653181314468384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.4486980140209198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.4430951178073883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139571649","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156793","display_name":"Program optimization","level":3,"score":0.4357854425907135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.4195810854434967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.26644936203956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.25532135367393494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.24582067131996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.1572248935699463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0834307074546814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cgo.2019.8661201","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cgo.2019.8661201","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization (CGO)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1627759","https://openalex.org/W1522250664","https://openalex.org/W1543865847","https://openalex.org/W1947621832","https://openalex.org/W1968131528","https://openalex.org/W2068640305","https://openalex.org/W2068778705","https://openalex.org/W2093334386","https://openalex.org/W2156858199","https://openalex.org/W2186225665","https://openalex.org/W2290349115","https://openalex.org/W2798370950","https://openalex.org/W3150476285","https://openalex.org/W4231002400","https://openalex.org/W4239813889","https://openalex.org/W4241410512","https://openalex.org/W4246166885","https://openalex.org/W4248045917","https://openalex.org/W4250948891","https://openalex.org/W4251155448","https://openalex.org/W4252857370","https://openalex.org/W6600078441","https://openalex.org/W6631155369","https://openalex.org/W6640724070","https://openalex.org/W6791853653"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2113128227","https://openalex.org/W632256878","https://openalex.org/W4211197663","https://openalex.org/W2491403535","https://openalex.org/W3123068371","https://openalex.org/W3122369893","https://openalex.org/W2172096703","https://openalex.org/W2132832499","https://openalex.org/W1989702012","https://openalex.org/W4242404469"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Performance":[0],"optimization":[1,32],"for":[2,107],"large-scale":[3],"applications":[4,19,105],"has":[5,38,68],"recently":[6],"become":[7],"more":[8],"important":[9,31],"as":[10],"computation":[11],"continues":[12],"to":[13,33,45,129,167,196,206],"move":[14],"towards":[15],"data":[16],"centers.":[17],"Data-center":[18],"are":[20,127,137,211],"generally":[21],"very":[22],"large":[23],"and":[24,53,117,143,158,177,182,202,204,215],"complex,":[25],"which":[26],"makes":[27],"code":[28,47],"layout":[29,48],"an":[30,85],"improve":[34,46],"their":[35,70,192],"performance.":[36],"This":[37],"motivated":[39],"recent":[40,66],"investigation":[41],"of":[42,75,92,103,147,173,200],"practical":[43],"techniques":[44],"at":[49,139],"both":[50,113,154],"compile":[51],"time":[52],"link":[54],"time.":[55],"Although":[56],"post-link":[57,87,124],"optimizers":[58],"had":[59],"some":[60],"success":[61],"in":[62,72,144],"the":[63,73,93,101,135,145,180,209],"past,":[64],"no":[65],"work":[67],"explored":[69],"benefits":[71],"context":[74],"modern":[76],"data-center":[77,156,162],"applications.":[78],"In":[79],"this":[80],"paper,":[81],"we":[82],"present":[83],"BOLT,":[84],"open-source":[86,159],"optimizer":[88],"built":[89,111,212],"on":[90,153,171,198],"top":[91,172,199],"LLVM":[94],"framework.":[95],"Utilizing":[96],"sample-based":[97],"profiling,":[98],"BOLT":[99,152,164,189],"boosts":[100],"performance":[102,125,169],"real-world":[104],"even":[106,133],"highly":[108],"optimized":[109],"binaries":[110,193,210],"with":[112],"feedback-driven":[114],"optimizations":[115,119],"(FDO)":[116],"link-time":[118],"(LTO).":[120],"We":[121,150],"demonstrate":[122],"that":[123,188],"improvements":[126],"complementary":[128],"conventional":[130],"compiler":[131],"optimizations,":[132],"when":[134],"latter":[136],"done":[138],"a":[140],"whole-program":[141],"level":[142],"presence":[146],"profile":[148],"information.":[149],"evaluated":[151],"Facebook":[155],"workloads":[157],"compilers.":[160],"For":[161,179],"applications,":[163],"achieves":[165],"up":[166,191,195,205],"7.0%":[168],"speedups":[170],"profile-guided":[174],"function":[175],"reordering":[176],"LTO.":[178,216],"GCC":[181],"Clang":[183],"compilers,":[184],"our":[185],"evaluation":[186],"shows":[187],"speeds":[190],"by":[194],"20.4%":[197],"FDO":[201,214],"LTO,":[203],"52.1%":[207],"if":[208],"without":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-13T07:58:08.660418","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}