{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3025018528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec48606.2020.9185918","title":"Racing Strategy for the Dynamic-Customer Location-Allocation Problem","display_name":"Racing Strategy for the Dynamic-Customer Location-Allocation Problem","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3025018528","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec48606.2020.9185918","mag":"3025018528"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec48606.2020.9185918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec48606.2020.9185918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/905975","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000677017","display_name":"Reginald Ankrah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8922-4558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","display_name":"Robert Gordon University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f0qj703","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reginald Ankrah","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science and Digital Media, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science and Digital Media, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052234079","display_name":"Benjamin Lacroix","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7301-6762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","display_name":"Robert Gordon University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f0qj703","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Lacroix","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science and Digital Media, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science and Digital Media, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027645309","display_name":"John McCall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1738-7056"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","display_name":"Robert Gordon University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f0qj703","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John McCall","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science and Digital Media, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science and Digital Media, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016424749","display_name":"Andrew Hardwick","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332878012","display_name":"BT Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00kv9pj15","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Hardwick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Department, Bntish Telecommunications Plc, Ipswich, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Department, Bntish Telecommunications Plc, Ipswich, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024260804","display_name":"Anthony Conway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7016-0179"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332878012","display_name":"BT Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00kv9pj15","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Conway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Department, Bntish Telecommunications Plc, Ipswich, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Department, Bntish Telecommunications Plc, Ipswich, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112703069","display_name":"Gilbert Owusu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1332878012","display_name":"BT Group (United Kingdom)","ror":"https://ror.org/00kv9pj15","country_code":"GB","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gilbert Owusu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research and Innovation Department, Bntish Telecommunications Plc, Ipswich, England"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research and Innovation Department, Bntish Telecommunications Plc, Ipswich, England","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1332878012"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11182","display_name":"Auction Theory and Applications","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11502","display_name":"Facility Location and Emergency Management","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6537903547286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5624687075614929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.49005353450775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.4871678054332733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.465446799993515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4319503605365753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-process","display_name":"Stochastic process","score":0.41903236508369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.34039437770843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17260658740997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16852861642837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12695595622062683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.07607972621917725}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6537903547286987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5624687075614929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49005353450775146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.4871678054332733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.465446799993515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4319503605365753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8272713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176737","display_name":"Stochastic process","level":2,"score":0.41903236508369446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.34039437770843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17260658740997314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16852861642837524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12695595622062683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.07607972621917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec48606.2020.9185918","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec48606.2020.9185918","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rgu-repository.worktribe.com:905975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/905975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400814","display_name":"Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","host_organization_name":"Robert Gordon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Presentation / Conference Contribution"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:rgu-repository.worktribe.com:905975","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rgu-repository.worktribe.com/output/905975","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400814","display_name":"Open Access Institutional Repository at Robert Gordon University (Robert Gordon University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I522815984","host_organization_name":"Robert Gordon University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I522815984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Presentation / Conference Contribution"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W74931915","https://openalex.org/W1499307573","https://openalex.org/W1519597478","https://openalex.org/W1534872837","https://openalex.org/W1539635861","https://openalex.org/W1585839838","https://openalex.org/W2017283218","https://openalex.org/W2064453600","https://openalex.org/W2129604031","https://openalex.org/W2137711817","https://openalex.org/W2141119792","https://openalex.org/W2896980491","https://openalex.org/W2900994871","https://openalex.org/W2969014343","https://openalex.org/W6610859256","https://openalex.org/W6631259609"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205762803","https://openalex.org/W2535856026","https://openalex.org/W2265065644","https://openalex.org/W2134699697","https://openalex.org/W3017188156","https://openalex.org/W2322875716","https://openalex.org/W2383516975","https://openalex.org/W2374878784","https://openalex.org/W2147679489","https://openalex.org/W2371642785"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"previous":[1],"work,":[2],"we":[3,82],"proposed":[4],"and":[5,37],"studied":[6],"a":[7,34,56,64,70,140],"new":[8],"dynamic":[9,57,172,199],"formulation":[10],"of":[11,28,73,86,105,112,134,185,196],"the":[12,17,26,77,84,96,102,115,131,152,171,182,193,197],"Location-allocation":[13,19],"(LA)":[14],"problem":[15],"called":[16],"Dynamic-Customer":[18],"(DC-LA)":[20],"problem.":[21],"DC-LA":[22],"is":[23,136],"based":[24],"on":[25,180],"idea":[27],"changes":[29,39],"in":[30,76,91,158],"customer":[31],"distribution":[32],"over":[33,170],"defined":[35],"period,":[36],"these":[38],"have":[40],"to":[41,49,69,94,118,125,138,150],"be":[42,126],"taken":[43],"into":[44],"account":[45],"when":[46],"establishing":[47],"facilities":[48],"service":[50],"changing":[51],"customers":[52],"distributions.":[53],"This":[54],"necessitated":[55],"stochastic":[58,173,200],"evaluation":[59,78,174],"function":[60],"Which":[61],"came":[62],"with":[63],"high":[65,97],"computational":[66,98,183,194],"cost":[67,99,168,184,195],"due":[68],"large":[71],"number":[72,104,133],"simulations":[74,106,124,135],"required":[75],"process.In":[79],"this":[80,159],"paper,":[81],"investigate":[83],"use":[85],"racing,":[87],"an":[88],"approach":[89],"used":[90],"model":[92],"selection,":[93],"reduce":[95],"by":[100],"employing":[101],"minimum":[103,132],"for":[107],"solution":[108],"selection.":[109],"Our":[110,161],"adaptation":[111],"racing":[113,157,165,186],"uses":[114],"Friedman":[116],"test":[117],"compare":[119],"solutions":[120],"statistically.":[121],"Racing":[122],"allows":[123],"performed":[127,137],"iteratively,":[128],"ensuring":[129],"that":[130,164,179],"detect":[139],"statistical":[141],"difference.We":[142],"present":[143],"experiments":[144],"using":[145,156],"Population-Based":[146],"Incremental":[147],"Learning":[148],"(PBIL)":[149],"explore":[151],"savings":[153,169],"achievable":[154],"from":[155],"way.":[160],"results":[162],"show":[163],"achieves":[166],"improved":[167],"function.":[175],"We":[176],"also":[177],"observed":[178],"average,":[181],"was":[187],"about":[188],"4.5":[189],"times":[190],"loWer":[191],"than":[192],"full":[198],"evaluation.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}