{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2897756034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2018.8477865","title":"First Results Solving Arbitrarily Structured Maximum Independent Set Problems Using Quantum Annealing","display_name":"First Results Solving Arbitrarily Structured Maximum Independent Set Problems Using Quantum Annealing","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2897756034","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2018.8477865","mag":"2897756034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2018.8477865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2018.8477865","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069500383","display_name":"Sheir Yarkoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1839-3757"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1309087048","display_name":"D-Wave Systems (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/01mmn7c12","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1309087048"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sheir Yarkoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["D-Wave Systems, Inc, Burnaby, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"D-Wave Systems, Inc, Burnaby, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309087048"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085542421","display_name":"Aske Plaat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7202-3322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aske Plaat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS) Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS) Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062646838","display_name":"Thomas B\u00e4ck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6768-1478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Back","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS) Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science (LIACS) Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069500383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1309087048"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7917,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88818085,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9764999747276306,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9700999855995178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-unconstrained-binary-optimization","display_name":"Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization","score":0.95074462890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-annealing","display_name":"Quantum annealing","score":0.8900675773620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulated-annealing","display_name":"Simulated annealing","score":0.7516078948974609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5797433853149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5732953548431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-equation","display_name":"Quadratic equation","score":0.5537511110305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5358114838600159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.532534122467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5240814089775085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4880746603012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-assignment-problem","display_name":"Quadratic assignment problem","score":0.45928502082824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.44575807452201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-optimization","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","score":0.4362218976020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.42044946551322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-programming","display_name":"Quadratic programming","score":0.4143708646297455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3694670498371124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.3109748959541321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2567630112171173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.18954557180404663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177179195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268372","display_name":"Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization","level":4,"score":0.95074462890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90408235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938141","display_name":"Quantum annealing","level":4,"score":0.8900675773620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.7516078948974609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5797433853149414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5732953548431396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129844170","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41299","display_name":"Quadratic equation","level":2,"score":0.5537511110305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5358114838600159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.532534122467041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5240814089775085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4880746603012085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98036226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268356","display_name":"Quadratic assignment problem","level":3,"score":0.45928502082824707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.44575807452201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52692508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333872","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","level":2,"score":0.4362218976020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.42044946551322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81845259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290117","display_name":"Quadratic programming","level":2,"score":0.4143708646297455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3694670498371124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.3109748959541321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2567630112171173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.18954557180404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2018.8477865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2018.8477865","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W817456489","https://openalex.org/W1631535324","https://openalex.org/W1885741951","https://openalex.org/W1950855768","https://openalex.org/W1983624953","https://openalex.org/W2015425815","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2024860775","https://openalex.org/W2028918948","https://openalex.org/W2031794121","https://openalex.org/W2039122980","https://openalex.org/W2044760493","https://openalex.org/W2089247135","https://openalex.org/W2253909748","https://openalex.org/W2319837919","https://openalex.org/W2403611064","https://openalex.org/W2405761555","https://openalex.org/W2410943872","https://openalex.org/W2572966585","https://openalex.org/W2619379343","https://openalex.org/W3105506151","https://openalex.org/W3105950948","https://openalex.org/W4297927382","https://openalex.org/W4300545013","https://openalex.org/W6786278732"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4380986281","https://openalex.org/W4316012214","https://openalex.org/W4292387513","https://openalex.org/W4388555437","https://openalex.org/W4320170173","https://openalex.org/W4226302134","https://openalex.org/W4389261227","https://openalex.org/W4318350993","https://openalex.org/W3115135262","https://openalex.org/W2809623894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Commercial":[0],"quantum":[1],"processing":[2],"units":[3],"(QPUs)":[4],"such":[5,71],"as":[6,72,108],"those":[7],"made":[8],"by":[9,125],"D-Wave":[10,54,66,98],"Systems":[11],"are":[12,86],"being":[13],"increasingly":[14],"used":[15,107],"for":[16,112],"solving":[17],"complex":[18],"combinatorial":[19],"optimization":[20,48],"problems.":[21],"In":[22],"this":[23],"paper,":[24],"we":[25],"review":[26],"a":[27,53,97,109],"canonical":[28],"NP-hard":[29],"problem,":[30],"the":[31,62,65,77,87,103],"Maximum":[32],"Independent":[33],"Set":[34],"(MIS)":[35],"problem.":[36],"We":[37,60,100],"show":[38],"how":[39],"to":[40,44,57,68,118],"map":[41],"MIS":[42,94],"problems":[43],"quadratic":[45],"unconstrained":[46],"binary":[47],"(QUBO)":[49],"problems,":[50],"and":[51,76],"use":[52],"2000Q":[55],"QPU":[56,104],"solve":[58],"them.":[59],"compare":[61],"results":[63,89],"from":[64],"system":[67],"classical":[69],"algorithms":[70],"simulated":[73,126],"thermal":[74,127],"annealing":[75],"graphical":[78],"networks":[79],"package":[80],"NetworkX.":[81],"To":[82],"our":[83],"knowledge,":[84],"these":[85],"first":[88],"of":[90],"experiments":[91],"involving":[92],"arbitrarily-structured":[93],"inputs":[95],"using":[96],"QPU.":[99],"find":[101],"that":[102],"can":[105,122],"be":[106,123],"heuristic":[110],"optimizer":[111],"randomly":[113],"generated":[114],"inputs,":[115],"but":[116],"due":[117],"physical":[119],"control":[120],"errors,":[121],"outperformed":[124],"annealing.":[128]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
