{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1971646495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2014.6900444","title":"Unsupervised learning for edge detection using Genetic Programming","display_name":"Unsupervised learning for edge detection using Genetic Programming","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1971646495","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2014.6900444","mag":"1971646495"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2014.6900444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2014.6900444","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073062193","display_name":"Wenlong Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4084-1085"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","display_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","ror":"https://ror.org/0040r6f76","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenlong Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics and Operation Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand","School of Mathematics, Statistics and Operation Research, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics and Operation Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Statistics and Operation Research, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103902192","display_name":"Mark Johnston","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","display_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","ror":"https://ror.org/0040r6f76","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Johnston","raw_affiliation_strings":["Statistics and Operation Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand","School of Mathematics, Statistics and Operation Research, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Statistics and Operation Research, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics, Statistics and Operation Research, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mengjie Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I41156924","display_name":"Victoria University of Wellington","ror":"https://ror.org/0040r6f76","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengjie Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington","School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I41156924"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8271,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72272954,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"117","last_page":"124"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10616","display_name":"Smart Agriculture and AI","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-detection","display_name":"Edge detection","score":0.7610378265380859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7356592416763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7042145729064941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.6960198879241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6798814535140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"Fitness function","score":0.6577780246734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.6331529021263123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canny-edge-detector","display_name":"Canny edge detector","score":0.5894177556037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5878945589065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.5154126882553101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4959639012813568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.45412933826446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.44998690485954285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.4469187557697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deriche-edge-detector","display_name":"Deriche edge detector","score":0.4168388247489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.40410804748535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37595057487487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2647138833999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.258317768573761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.06270366907119751}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193536780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513153","display_name":"Edge detection","level":4,"score":0.7610378265380859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7356592416763306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7042145729064941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.6960198879241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6798814535140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.6577780246734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.6331529021263123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14705441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597183","display_name":"Canny edge detector","level":5,"score":0.5894177556037903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5878945589065552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.5154126882553101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4959639012813568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.45412933826446533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.44998690485954285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.4469187557697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167074055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5262565","display_name":"Deriche edge detector","level":5,"score":0.4168388247489929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.40410804748535156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37595057487487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2647138833999634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.258317768573761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.06270366907119751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2014.6900444","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2014.6900444","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation (CEC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W42643001","https://openalex.org/W175740128","https://openalex.org/W204701689","https://openalex.org/W1496099826","https://openalex.org/W1500510775","https://openalex.org/W1560955408","https://openalex.org/W1760917123","https://openalex.org/W1856304191","https://openalex.org/W1971091026","https://openalex.org/W1976803039","https://openalex.org/W1995376165","https://openalex.org/W1996070955","https://openalex.org/W2001028968","https://openalex.org/W2018186155","https://openalex.org/W2062432103","https://openalex.org/W2078835246","https://openalex.org/W2082250641","https://openalex.org/W2082582688","https://openalex.org/W2090901433","https://openalex.org/W2102571968","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2114996784","https://openalex.org/W2115733720","https://openalex.org/W2116040950","https://openalex.org/W2116216752","https://openalex.org/W2119823327","https://openalex.org/W2133774033","https://openalex.org/W2140072113","https://openalex.org/W2145023731","https://openalex.org/W2145803225","https://openalex.org/W2152433952","https://openalex.org/W2165914352","https://openalex.org/W6601699240","https://openalex.org/W6608475857","https://openalex.org/W6629620515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2545065926","https://openalex.org/W2370801002","https://openalex.org/W2185255929","https://openalex.org/W2386029238","https://openalex.org/W3093839383","https://openalex.org/W2367125666","https://openalex.org/W3134037962","https://openalex.org/W2359351739","https://openalex.org/W3027978009","https://openalex.org/W2058988978"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"edge":[1,21,49,69,94,99,130],"detection,":[2],"a":[3,39,107],"machine":[4],"learning":[5,32,123],"algorithm":[6],"generally":[7],"requires":[8],"training":[9,36,43],"images":[10,44,90],"with":[11],"their":[12],"ground":[13,52],"truth":[14,53],"or":[15],"designed":[16],"outputs":[17],"to":[18,91,103,132],"train":[19],"an":[20,59],"detector.":[22],"Meanwhile":[23],"the":[24,35,56,78,116,120],"computational":[25,57],"cost":[26],"is":[27,45,65,75],"heavy":[28],"for":[29,67],"most":[30],"supervised":[31],"algorithms":[33],"in":[34,81],"stage":[37],"when":[38],"large":[40,108],"set":[41,109],"of":[42,110,115],"used.":[46],"To":[47],"learn":[48],"detectors":[50,100,131],"without":[51],"and":[54,96],"reduce":[55],"cost,":[58],"unsupervised":[60,122],"Genetic":[61],"Programming":[62],"(GP)":[63],"system":[64,87,125],"proposed":[66,85,121],"low-level":[68],"detection.":[70],"A":[71],"new":[72],"fitness":[73],"function":[74],"developed":[76],"from":[77],"energy":[79],"functions":[80],"active":[82],"contours.":[83],"The":[84,113],"GP":[86,93,124],"utilises":[88],"single":[89],"evolve":[92,128],"detectors,":[95],"these":[97],"evolved":[98],"are":[101],"used":[102],"detect":[104,134],"edges":[105,135],"on":[106,136],"test":[111],"images.":[112,139],"results":[114],"experiments":[117],"show":[118],"that":[119],"can":[126],"effectively":[127],"good":[129],"quickly":[133],"different":[137],"natural":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}