{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2170868494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2010.5586291","title":"Evolving natural language grammars without supervision","display_name":"Evolving natural language grammars without supervision","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2170868494","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2010.5586291","mag":"2170868494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2010.5586291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2010.5586291","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076188730","display_name":"Lourdes Araujo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7657-4794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178450904","display_name":"National University of Distance Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02msb5n36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lourdes Araujo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. de Lenguajes y Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, UNED, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. de Lenguajes y Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, UNED, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005742292","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Santamar\u00eda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178450904","display_name":"National University of Distance Education","ror":"https://ror.org/02msb5n36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Santamaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. de Lenguajes y Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, UNED, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. de Lenguajes y Sistemas Inform\u00e1ticos, UNED, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076188730"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178450904"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.15253926,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12072","display_name":"Machine Learning and Algorithms","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8372571468353271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.7362402677536011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6989097595214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.683627188205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar","display_name":"Grammar","score":0.6349518895149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grammar-induction","display_name":"Grammar induction","score":0.617213249206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parse-tree","display_name":"Parse tree","score":0.5617548823356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.5140129327774048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.46987324953079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attribute-grammar","display_name":"Attribute grammar","score":0.4336237907409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.4157499074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.25881725549697876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8372571468353271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.7362402677536011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6989097595214844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.683627188205719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26022165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8091","display_name":"Grammar","level":2,"score":0.6349518895149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56601403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5593673","display_name":"Grammar induction","level":3,"score":0.617213249206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781466058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627921","display_name":"Parse tree","level":3,"score":0.5617548823356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.5140129327774048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.46987324953079224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164041254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q597455","display_name":"Attribute grammar","level":3,"score":0.4336237907409668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.4157499074935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.25881725549697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2010.5586291","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2010.5586291","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323261","display_name":"Universidad Nacional de Educaci\u00f3n a Distancia","ror":"https://ror.org/02msb5n36"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7830157","https://openalex.org/W104573924","https://openalex.org/W159271716","https://openalex.org/W190620791","https://openalex.org/W1495446613","https://openalex.org/W1535015163","https://openalex.org/W1538347811","https://openalex.org/W1567570606","https://openalex.org/W1586971476","https://openalex.org/W1632114991","https://openalex.org/W1969005071","https://openalex.org/W1978470410","https://openalex.org/W1986543644","https://openalex.org/W2049300803","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2055579589","https://openalex.org/W2092654472","https://openalex.org/W2095982538","https://openalex.org/W2102246596","https://openalex.org/W2113075298","https://openalex.org/W2143296986","https://openalex.org/W2144916786","https://openalex.org/W2170837769","https://openalex.org/W2174380942","https://openalex.org/W2294835092","https://openalex.org/W4237776144","https://openalex.org/W4245826738","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4302339081","https://openalex.org/W6600316341","https://openalex.org/W6604136226","https://openalex.org/W6607725395","https://openalex.org/W6629536776","https://openalex.org/W6629764853","https://openalex.org/W6632145054","https://openalex.org/W6634157045","https://openalex.org/W6636649193","https://openalex.org/W6697029200","https://openalex.org/W7048738093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W123468065","https://openalex.org/W1517025915","https://openalex.org/W4237776144","https://openalex.org/W1974236250","https://openalex.org/W3144287057","https://openalex.org/W2170837769","https://openalex.org/W2026740477","https://openalex.org/W1487802415","https://openalex.org/W1964225978","https://openalex.org/W2170868494"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unsupervised":[0],"grammar":[1,19,96,154,160],"induction":[2],"is":[3,15,102,136,165],"one":[4],"of":[5,10,28,44,51,55,61,76,90,142,158],"the":[6,21,70,82,88,98,121,133,140,159],"most":[7],"difficult":[8],"works":[9],"language":[11,22],"processing.":[12],"Its":[13],"goal":[14],"to":[16,138],"extract":[17],"a":[18,42,59,62,114,143],"representing":[20],"structure":[23],"using":[24,113],"texts":[25],"without":[26],"annotations":[27],"this":[29],"structure.":[30],"We":[31],"have":[32,123],"devised":[33],"an":[34,105],"evolutionary":[35],"algorithm":[36,109,135],"which":[37,73],"for":[38,97,127,152],"each":[39,74],"sentence":[40],"evolves":[41],"population":[43],"trees":[45,50,57],"that":[46,52,132],"represent":[47,58],"different":[48],"parse":[49],"sentence.":[53],"Each":[54],"these":[56],"part":[60],"grammar.":[63],"The":[64,95,108],"evaluation":[65,128],"function":[66],"takes":[67],"into":[68],"account":[69],"contexts":[71],"in":[72,81,104,167],"sequence":[75],"Part-Of-Speech":[77],"tags":[78],"(POSseq)":[79],"appears":[80],"training":[83,100],"corpus,":[84,119],"as":[85,87,148],"well":[86,115],"frequencies":[89],"those":[91],"POSseqs":[92],"and":[93,162],"contexts.":[94],"whole":[99],"corpus":[101],"constructed":[103],"incremental":[106],"manner.":[107],"has":[110],"been":[111,125],"evaluated":[112],"known":[116],"Annotated":[117],"English":[118],"though":[120],"annotation":[122],"only":[124],"used":[126],"purposes.":[129],"Results":[130],"indicate":[131],"proposed":[134],"able":[137],"improve":[139],"results":[141],"classical":[144],"optimization":[145],"algorithm,":[146],"such":[147],"EM":[149],"(Expectation":[150],"Maximization),":[151],"short":[153],"constituents":[155],"(right":[156],"side":[157],"rules),":[161],"its":[163],"precision":[164],"better":[166],"general.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}