{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2064083545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2010.5586088","title":"Building low CO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; solutions to the vehicle routing problem with Time Windows using an evolutionary algorithm","display_name":"Building low CO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt; solutions to the vehicle routing problem with Time Windows using an evolutionary algorithm","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2064083545","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2010.5586088","mag":"2064083545"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2010.5586088","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2010.5586088","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://napier-surface.worktribe.com/207071/1/urqhart.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005721507","display_name":"Neil Urquhart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5669-5479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Neil Urquhart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","Centre for Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006992974","display_name":"Emma Hart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5405-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma Hart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","Centre for Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030600556","display_name":"Cathy Scott","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cathy Scott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre of Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","Centre for Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre of Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Emergent Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005721507"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6691,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70906557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9860000014305115,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9244999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6115990281105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5655230283737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5325172543525696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5215803980827332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.5204139351844788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.4956241846084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.4656931161880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-flow","display_name":"Power flow","score":0.4458082616329193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.44294145703315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-consumption","display_name":"Power consumption","score":0.4340234100818634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4331584572792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.41407400369644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3308948278427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.32133418321609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.23724150657653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21673092246055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.15612560510635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11295294761657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.07897859811782837}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6115990281105042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5655230283737183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5325172543525696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5215803980827332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.5204139351844788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.4956241846084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4656931161880493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986056383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556030","display_name":"Power flow","level":4,"score":0.4458082616329193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44294145703315735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984118289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29954","display_name":"Power consumption","level":3,"score":0.4340234100818634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4331584572792053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.41407400369644165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3308948278427124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.32133418321609497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.23724150657653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21673092246055603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.15612560510635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11295294761657715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.07897859811782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2010.5586088","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2010.5586088","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:napier-surface.worktribe.com:207071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://napier-surface.worktribe.com/207071/1/urqhart.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400544","display_name":"Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository@napier.ac.uk:207071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/3792","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402591","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier Research Repository (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"acceptedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:napier-surface.worktribe.com:207071","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://napier-surface.worktribe.com/207071/1/urqhart.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400544","display_name":"Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W203272431","https://openalex.org/W1532651649","https://openalex.org/W1562296414","https://openalex.org/W1969483458","https://openalex.org/W1987793387","https://openalex.org/W2070637511","https://openalex.org/W2096305430","https://openalex.org/W2099501018","https://openalex.org/W2101363262","https://openalex.org/W2106972943","https://openalex.org/W2116661285","https://openalex.org/W2121365620","https://openalex.org/W2143519380","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W2221561326","https://openalex.org/W2343587508","https://openalex.org/W2971301549","https://openalex.org/W6676080494"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312143452","https://openalex.org/W2018691209","https://openalex.org/W4247364272","https://openalex.org/W3133151256","https://openalex.org/W2132920749","https://openalex.org/W2101108574","https://openalex.org/W2157331354","https://openalex.org/W2626773395","https://openalex.org/W3131953714","https://openalex.org/W1575940985"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"evolutionary":[1],"Multi-Objective":[2],"Algorithm":[3],"(MOA)":[4],"is":[5,36,61,100],"used":[6,22],"to":[7,77,102,105],"investigate":[8],"the":[9,48,114],"trade-off":[10],"between":[11],"CO":[12,79,107],"<sub":[13,80,108],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[14,81,109],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sub>":[15,82,110],"savings,":[16],"distance":[17],"and":[18,56,70,117],"number":[19],"of":[20,50,58,86],"vehicles":[21],"in":[23],"a":[24,71,91],"typical":[25],"vehicle":[26],"routing":[27],"problem":[28,34,115],"with":[29,63,68,94],"Time":[30],"Windows":[31],"(VRPTW).":[32],"A":[33],"set":[35],"derived":[37],"containing":[38],"three":[39],"problems":[40],"based":[41],"on":[42,113],"accurate":[43],"geographical":[44],"data":[45,66],"which":[46],"encapsulates":[47],"topology":[49],"streets":[51],"as":[52,54],"well":[53],"layouts":[55],"characteristics":[57],"junctions.":[59],"This":[60],"combined":[62],"realistic":[64],"speed-flow":[65],"associated":[67],"road-classes":[69],"power-based":[72],"instantaneous":[73],"fuel":[74],"consumption":[75],"model":[76],"calculate":[78],"emissions,":[83],"taking":[84],"account":[85],"drive-cycles.":[87],"Results":[88],"obtained":[89],"using":[90],"well-known":[92],"MOA":[93],"twin":[95],"objectives":[96],"show":[97],"that":[98],"it":[99],"possible":[101],"save":[103],"up":[104],"10%":[106],",":[111],"depending":[112],"instance":[116],"ranking":[118],"criterion":[119],"used.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
