{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2054685944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2007.4424951","title":"Irreducible complexity in a genetic algorithm","display_name":"Irreducible complexity in a genetic algorithm","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2054685944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2007.4424951","mag":"2054685944"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2007.4424951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2007.4424951","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040758764","display_name":"Lee Graham","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee Graham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","Carleton University, Ottawa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060909448","display_name":"Franz Oppacher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Oppacher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014661026","display_name":"Steffen Christensen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6149-7186"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steffen Christensen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4451,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58479337,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"3692","last_page":"3697"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"Fitness function","score":0.7085790038108826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.6103053689002991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5954888463020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5947997570037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5733851790428162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolving-systems","display_name":"Evolving systems","score":0.45447713136672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.387263685464859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.34342193603515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3200606405735016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2978786826133728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.19931530952453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-biology","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","score":0.12654075026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11921054124832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.0912947952747345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.7085790038108826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6103053689002991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5954888463020325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5947997570037842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5733851790428162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988305597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215772","display_name":"Evolving systems","level":2,"score":0.45447713136672974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.387263685464859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.34342193603515625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3200606405735016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2978786826133728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.19931530952453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.12654075026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11921054124832153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0912947952747345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2007.4424951","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2007.4424951","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1514724599","https://openalex.org/W1562393358","https://openalex.org/W1596135418","https://openalex.org/W1600867940","https://openalex.org/W2005946215","https://openalex.org/W2027475699","https://openalex.org/W2106533942","https://openalex.org/W2111116266","https://openalex.org/W2117229849","https://openalex.org/W2117564498","https://openalex.org/W2147755954","https://openalex.org/W2283420931","https://openalex.org/W2726772824","https://openalex.org/W2998349125","https://openalex.org/W6633620459","https://openalex.org/W6635718015","https://openalex.org/W6677352602","https://openalex.org/W6695411776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106492215","https://openalex.org/W2326694407","https://openalex.org/W2082859007","https://openalex.org/W2164831575","https://openalex.org/W2378719652","https://openalex.org/W2115729582","https://openalex.org/W2094658154","https://openalex.org/W2370837632","https://openalex.org/W2353187647","https://openalex.org/W2025899013"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"has":[1,29],"been":[2,30],"much":[3],"news":[4],"about":[5],"the":[6,17,65],"ability":[7],"of":[8,19,21,60],"evolution":[9,35],"to":[10,32],"evolve":[11,37],"systems":[12],"where":[13],"function":[14,53],"ceases":[15],"with":[16],"removal":[18],"any":[20],"its":[22,42],"multiple":[23],"parts.":[24],"In":[25],"particular,":[26],"a":[27,39,50],"challenge":[28],"lofted":[31],"explain":[33],"how":[34],"can":[36],"such":[38,72],"system,":[40,61],"given":[41],"gradualistic":[43],"nature.":[44],"We":[45],"present":[46],"an":[47],"example":[48],"utilizing":[49],"dynamic":[51],"fitness":[52],"and":[54,63],"parsimony":[55],"pressure.":[56],"Given":[57],"unambiguous":[58],"definitions":[59],"function,":[62],"part,":[64],"genetic":[66],"algorithm":[67],"presented":[68],"here":[69],"readily":[70],"produces":[71],"complex":[73],"systems.":[74]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}