{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2137332937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2006.1688294","title":"Emergent Behaviour, Population-based Search and Low-pass Filtering","display_name":"Emergent Behaviour, Population-based Search and Low-pass Filtering","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2137332937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2006.1688294","mag":"2137332937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2006.1688294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2006.1688294","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101670626","display_name":"Riccardo Poli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4612-0780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Poli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Essex, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Essex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061270359","display_name":"Alden H. Wright","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I6750721","display_name":"University of Montana","ror":"https://ror.org/0078xmk34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.H. Wright","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Montana, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I6750721"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007077416","display_name":"Nicholas Freitag McPhee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162301","display_name":"University of Minnesota Morris","ror":"https://ror.org/05vzqzh92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162301"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N.F. McPhee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Morris, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162301"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112258107","display_name":"William B. Langdon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W.B. Langdon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Essex, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Essex, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8803,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87068255,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"88","last_page":"95"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10249","display_name":"Distributed Control Multi-Agent Systems","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crossover","display_name":"Crossover","score":0.7595993280410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.7002039551734924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5631682276725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48555752635002136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.48175740242004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.47483450174331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-landscape","display_name":"Fitness landscape","score":0.465027779340744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.44999444484710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/filter","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","score":0.4294623136520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.41793879866600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36822640895843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3250226378440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3173118233680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.17799678444862366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.09558942914009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pure-mathematics","display_name":"Pure mathematics","score":0.09233817458152771}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122507166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628906","display_name":"Crossover","level":2,"score":0.7595993280410767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.7002039551734924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5631682276725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48555752635002136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.48175740242004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47483450174331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.465027779340744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.44999444484710693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4294623136520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.41793879866600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36822640895843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3250226378440857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3173118233680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.17799678444862366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.09558942914009094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.09233817458152771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2006.1688294","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2006.1688294","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2006 IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.60.2814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.60.2814","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.essex.ac.uk/technical-reports/2006/csm-446.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.61.58","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.61.58","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/staff/rpoli/papers/ceclowpass2006.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1327759","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1327759/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"In: (pp. pp. 395-402). : Vancouver.","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1327761","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1327761/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Report"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.4300000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557448797","https://openalex.org/W1579280574","https://openalex.org/W1598150859","https://openalex.org/W1974181222","https://openalex.org/W1975318518","https://openalex.org/W2027945080","https://openalex.org/W2128163991","https://openalex.org/W2137565093","https://openalex.org/W2168352950"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2371108399","https://openalex.org/W2525152177","https://openalex.org/W2979917306","https://openalex.org/W2369738212","https://openalex.org/W2383252209","https://openalex.org/W2152922390","https://openalex.org/W2381787154","https://openalex.org/W1617803207","https://openalex.org/W2014162767","https://openalex.org/W2367372043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,164],"recent":[1],"work":[2],"we":[3,132,167,175,238,313,331],"have":[4,133],"formulated":[5],"a":[6,13,21,37,46,73,91,101,110,177,210,219,240,265,284,295,316,339],"model":[7,19,25,114,144,170,324],"of":[8,15,39,56,72,90,99,149,152,154,191,195,199,203,224,242,251,318,345],"emergent":[9,83],"coordinated":[10],"behaviour":[11,344],"for":[12,161,185,335],"population":[14,43,205],"interacting":[16],"entities.":[17],"The":[18,106],"is":[20,85,96,108,193,218,248],"modified":[22,92],"spring":[23],"mass":[24,153],"where":[26,246],"masses":[27],"can":[28,115],"perceive":[29],"the":[30,40,42,51,53,57,70,77,81,88,97,141,147,150,189,197,200,204,225,252,261,343,346,350],"environment":[31],"and":[32,122,156,184,233,292,321,349],"generate":[33],"external":[34,58],"forces.":[35],"As":[36],"result":[38,98,232],"interactions":[41],"behaves":[44],"like":[45],"single":[47,82,142],"organism":[48,84,143],"moving":[49],"under":[50],"effect":[52,190],"vector":[54],"sum":[55],"forces":[59,66],"generated":[60],"by":[61],"each":[62],"entity.":[63],"When":[64],"such":[65],"are":[67],"proportional":[68,86],"to":[69,87,104,118,145,279],"gradient":[71,89],"resource":[74],"distribution":[75],"f(x),":[76],"resultant":[78],"force":[79],"controlling":[80],"food":[93],"distribution.":[94,206],"This":[95,113,207,258,307],"applying":[100],"filtering":[102],"kernel":[103,107],"f(x).":[105],"typically":[109],"low-pass":[111,221,281],"filter.":[112],"be":[116,274,290],"applied":[117],"genetic":[119,137,266],"algorithms":[120],"(GAs)":[121],"other":[123],"population-based":[124],"search":[125],"algorithms.":[126],"For":[127],"example,":[128],"in":[129,171],"previous":[130],"research,":[131],"found":[134],"kernels":[135,334],"(via":[136],"programming)":[138],"that":[139,180,194,209],"allow":[140],"track":[146],"motion":[148],"centre":[151],"GAs":[155],"particle":[157],"swarm":[158],"optimisers":[159],"accurately":[160],"many":[162],"generations.":[163],"this":[165,169,231,303],"paper":[166],"corroborate":[168],"several":[172],"ways.":[173],"Firstly,":[174],"provide":[176],"mathematical":[178],"proof":[179],"on":[181],"any":[182,186],"problem":[183],"crossover":[187,192,270,288,301],"operator,":[188],"reducing":[196],"amplitude":[198],"derivatives":[201],"(slopes)":[202],"implies":[208],"GA":[211,285],"perceives":[212],"an":[213,249],"effective":[214],"fitness":[215,243],"landscape":[216,253],"which":[217],"smoothed,":[220],"filtered":[222],"version":[223],"original.":[226],"Then,":[227],"taking":[228],"inspiration":[229],"from":[230],"our":[234,328],"active":[235],"mass-spring":[236],"model,":[237],"propose":[239],"class":[241],"functions,":[244],"OneMix,":[245,336],"there":[247],"area":[250,259],"with":[254,268,286,299,315,322],"high":[255,269],"frequency":[256],"variations.":[257],"contains":[260],"global":[262],"optimum":[263],"but":[264],"algorithm":[267],"probability":[271,302],"should":[272,289,304],"not":[273,305],"able":[275],"\"see\"":[276],"it":[277],"due":[278],"its":[280],"behaviour.":[282],"So,":[283],"strong":[287],"deceived":[291],"attracted":[293],"towards":[294],"local":[296],"optimum,":[297],"while":[298],"low":[300],"happen.":[306],"is,":[308],"indeed,":[309],"what":[310],"happens":[311],"as":[312],"demonstrate":[314],"variety":[317],"empirical":[319],"runs":[320],"infinite-population":[323],"simulations.":[325],"Finally,":[326],"following":[327],"earlier":[329],"approach,":[330],"also":[332],"evolved":[333],"obtaining":[337],"again":[338],"good":[340],"fit":[341],"between":[342],"\"single-organism\"":[347],"hill-climber":[348],"GA.":[351]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}