{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1517509282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1555053","title":"An Empirical Analysis of the Grouping Genetic Algorithm: The Timetabling Case.","display_name":"An Empirical Analysis of the Grouping Genetic Algorithm: The Timetabling Case.","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1517509282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1555053","mag":"1517509282"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2005.1555053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1555053","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/3394","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087572284","display_name":"Rhyd Lewis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1046-811X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Lewis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Emergent Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland","Centre for Emergent Comput., Napier Univ., Scotland, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Emergent Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Emergent Comput., Napier Univ., Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015586991","display_name":"Ben Paechter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4841-0805"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"B. Paechter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Emergent Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland","Centre for Emergent Comput., Napier Univ., Scotland, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Emergent Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Emergent Comput., Napier Univ., Scotland, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7343,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84155767,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"2856","last_page":"2863"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9261999726295471,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9243999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7070956826210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.6471338272094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/witness","display_name":"Witness","score":0.49131932854652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-function","display_name":"Fitness function","score":0.4910461902618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4879405200481415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operator","display_name":"Operator (biology)","score":0.4700293242931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4339859187602997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4297885596752167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4104991853237152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3226260542869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.32027667760849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2760049104690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.17552632093429565}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7070956826210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.6471338272094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776900844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8028383","display_name":"Witness","level":2,"score":0.49131932854652405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176066374","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629118","display_name":"Fitness function","level":3,"score":0.4910461902618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4879405200481415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17020691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139677","display_name":"Operator (biology)","level":5,"score":0.4700293242931366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4339859187602997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4297885596752167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4104991853237152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3226260542869568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32027667760849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2760049104690552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.17552632093429565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86339819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407384","display_name":"Transcription factor","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158448853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425218","display_name":"Repressor","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2005.1555053","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1555053","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:napier-surface.worktribe.com:255683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/3394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400544","display_name":"Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:napier-surface.worktribe.com:255683","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/id/eprint/3394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400544","display_name":"Research Output (Edinburgh Napier University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I251738","host_organization_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference Proceeding"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W18216792","https://openalex.org/W1490782680","https://openalex.org/W1503369191","https://openalex.org/W1532406186","https://openalex.org/W1558758677","https://openalex.org/W1568610607","https://openalex.org/W1570709358","https://openalex.org/W1589038126","https://openalex.org/W1608057971","https://openalex.org/W1792875263","https://openalex.org/W1993966952","https://openalex.org/W2042918131","https://openalex.org/W2085283640","https://openalex.org/W2113382958","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6600754543","https://openalex.org/W6629968053","https://openalex.org/W6633962710","https://openalex.org/W6634204323","https://openalex.org/W6635289253","https://openalex.org/W6638122485","https://openalex.org/W6648999540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106492215","https://openalex.org/W2326694407","https://openalex.org/W2082859007","https://openalex.org/W2378719652","https://openalex.org/W2115729582","https://openalex.org/W2164831575","https://openalex.org/W2094658154","https://openalex.org/W2370837632","https://openalex.org/W2353187647","https://openalex.org/W4286340544"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"grouping":[1,127],"genetic":[2,128],"algorithm":[3,36,109],"(GGA)":[4],"for":[5,80],"the":[6,21,28,35,68,85,98,102,108],"university":[7],"course":[8],"timetabling":[9],"problem":[10],"is":[11],"outlined.":[12],"We":[13,46,104],"propose":[14,48],"six":[15],"different":[16],"fitness":[17],"functions,":[18],"all":[19],"sharing":[20],"same":[22],"common":[23],"goal,":[24],"and":[25,43,55,64,88],"look":[26],"at":[27],"effects":[29,66],"that":[30,57,90,107,121],"these":[31,74],"can":[32,60,110],"have":[33,61,94],"on":[34,67,97],"with":[37,84,114],"respect":[38],"to":[39,93,126],"both":[40],"solution":[41],"quality":[42],"time":[44],"requirements.":[45],"also":[47,105],"an":[49],"additional,":[50],"stochastic":[51],"local":[52],"search":[53],"operator":[54],"discover":[56],"this":[58],"too":[59],"large":[62],"positive":[63],"negative":[65],"runs.":[69],"As":[70],"a":[71,78,131],"byproduct":[72],"of":[73,101],"studies,":[75],"we":[76],"introduce":[77],"method":[79],"measuring":[81],"population":[82],"diversity":[83,91],"GGA":[86],"model":[87],"note":[89],"seems":[92],"huge":[95],"consequences":[96],"cost":[99],"implications":[100],"algorithm.":[103],"witness":[106],"behave":[111],"quite":[112,123],"differently":[113],"varying":[115],"sized":[116],"instances,":[117],"introducing":[118],"scaling-up":[119],"issues":[120],"could,":[122],"possibly,":[124],"apply":[125],"algorithms":[129],"as":[130],"whole.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
