{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1617964729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1554945","title":"XCS with Computed Prediction in Continuous Multistep Environments","display_name":"XCS with Computed Prediction in Continuous Multistep Environments","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1617964729","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1554945","mag":"1617964729"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2005.1554945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1554945","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040796351","display_name":"Pier Luca Lanzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1933-7717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P.L. Lanzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Dip. di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Dip. di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004851087","display_name":"Daniele Loiacono","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5355-0634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Loiacono","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Dip. di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Dip. di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101761414","display_name":"Stewart W. Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7540-1031"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.W. Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110057218","display_name":"David E. Goldberg","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.E. Goldberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Department of General Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040796351"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6566,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92835455,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":null,"first_page":"2032","last_page":"2039"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11663","display_name":"Viral Infectious Diseases and Gene Expression in Insects","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9747999906539917,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8072997331619263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.721621572971344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7110097408294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6534239053726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5738353729248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","score":0.5041602849960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.42308297753334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42266589403152466}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8072997331619263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.721621572971344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7110097408294678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6534239053726196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5738353729248047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5041602849960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.42308297753334045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42266589403152466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2005.1554945","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1554945","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.88.2925","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.88.2925","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.eskimo.com/~wilson/ps/lanzi-contmultistep-2005.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332222","display_name":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337525","display_name":"Air Force Materiel Command","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51508254","https://openalex.org/W110238773","https://openalex.org/W120328374","https://openalex.org/W1488602240","https://openalex.org/W1535810436","https://openalex.org/W1591645366","https://openalex.org/W1840702012","https://openalex.org/W1989101984","https://openalex.org/W1993254737","https://openalex.org/W2008052365","https://openalex.org/W2041367235","https://openalex.org/W2044462844","https://openalex.org/W2052153221","https://openalex.org/W2105336508","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2124175081","https://openalex.org/W2125074935","https://openalex.org/W2157838568","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6602057636","https://openalex.org/W6604500356","https://openalex.org/W6675698164","https://openalex.org/W6678114464","https://openalex.org/W6678545291"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2353836703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,28,58],"apply":[1],"XCS":[2],"with":[3,64],"computed":[4],"prediction":[5],"(XCSF)":[6],"to":[7,54,70,117],"tackle":[8],"multistep":[9],"reinforcement":[10,26],"learning":[11],"problems":[12],"involving":[13,33],"continuous":[14,34,72],"inputs.":[15],"In":[16,127],"essence":[17],"we":[18,78],"use":[19],"XCSF":[20,39,63,82,112],"as":[21],"a":[22],"method":[23],"of":[24,44,62,66,108,136],"generalized":[25],"learning.":[27],"show":[29,80],"that":[30,65,81,99],"in":[31,105,129],"domains":[32,73],"inputs":[35],"and":[36],"delayed":[37],"rewards":[38],"can":[40,83,113],"evolve":[41],"compact":[42,93],"populations":[43],"accurate":[45],"maximally":[46],"general":[47],"classifiers":[48],"which":[49],"represent":[50],"the":[51,55,60,71,109,119,123,130,133],"optimal":[52],"solution":[53],"target":[56],"problem.":[57],"compare":[59],"performance":[61],"tabular":[67,88,137],"Q-learning":[68,138],"adapted":[69],"considered":[74],"here.":[75],"The":[76],"results":[77,96],"present":[79],"converge":[84],"much":[85],"faster":[86],"than":[87],"techniques":[89],"while":[90],"producing":[91],"more":[92],"solutions.":[94],"Our":[95],"also":[97],"suggest":[98],"when":[100],"exploration":[101],"is":[102],"less":[103],"effective":[104,115],"some":[106],"areas":[107],"problem":[110],"space,":[111],"exploit":[114],"generalizations":[116],"extend":[118],"evolved":[120],"knowledge":[121],"beyond":[122],"frequently":[124],"explored":[125],"areas.":[126],"contrast,":[128],"same":[131],"situations,":[132],"convergence":[134],"speed":[135],"worsens.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}