{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2102923164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1554670","title":"Evolving Problems to Learn about Particle Swarm and other Optimisers","display_name":"Evolving Problems to Learn about Particle Swarm and other Optimisers","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-12-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2102923164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1554670","mag":"2102923164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2005.1554670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1554670","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112258107","display_name":"William B. Langdon","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W.B. Langdon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Essex, Colchester, UK","Dept of Comput. Sci., Essex Univ., Colchester"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Essex, Colchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Comput. Sci., Essex Univ., Colchester","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101670626","display_name":"Riccardo Poli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4612-0780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110002522","display_name":"University of Essex","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkf1q06","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Poli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Essex, Colchester, UK","Dept of Comput. Sci., Essex Univ., Colchester"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Essex, Colchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept of Comput. Sci., Essex Univ., Colchester","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110002522"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88739614,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"81","last_page":"88"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9591000080108643,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","score":0.8005428314208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/differential-evolution","display_name":"Differential evolution","score":0.7210255861282349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.6815338730812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-computation","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","score":0.6732783317565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.6607854962348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6237072944641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5993740558624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic","display_name":"Metaheuristic","score":0.5845757722854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fitness-landscape","display_name":"Fitness landscape","score":0.5222166776657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.47982335090637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-algorithm","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","score":0.4667065143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-swarm-optimization","display_name":"Multi-swarm optimization","score":0.4376920461654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/swarm-behaviour","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","score":0.42024847865104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35320526361465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25409337878227234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1890782117843628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.09037724137306213}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85617194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072794","display_name":"Particle swarm optimization","level":2,"score":0.8005428314208984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74750220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2662197","display_name":"Differential evolution","level":2,"score":0.7210255861282349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.6815338730812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105902424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1197129","display_name":"Evolutionary computation","level":2,"score":0.6732783317565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.6607854962348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6237072944641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5993740558624268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.5845757722854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91852762","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3307742","display_name":"Fitness landscape","level":3,"score":0.5222166776657104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.47982335090637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159149176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14489129","display_name":"Evolutionary algorithm","level":2,"score":0.4667065143585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122357587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934508","display_name":"Multi-swarm optimization","level":3,"score":0.4376920461654663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181335050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14915018","display_name":"Swarm behaviour","level":2,"score":0.42024847865104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35320526361465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25409337878227234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1890782117843628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.09037724137306213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2005.1554670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2005.1554670","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2005 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.60.3095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.60.3095","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/W.Langdon/ftp/papers/wbl_cec2005.ps.gz","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.60.9541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.60.9541","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://cswww.essex.ac.uk/staff/rpoli/papers/ceclangdon2005.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1327823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1327823/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"In: Corne, D and Michalewicz, Z and Dorigo, M and Eiben, G and Fogel, D and Fonseca, C and Greenwood, G and Chen, TK and Raidl, G and Zalzala, A and Lucas, S and Paechter, B and Willies, J and Guervos, JJM and Eberbach, E and McKay, B and Channon, A and Tiwari, A and Volkert, LG and Ashlock, D and Schoenauer, M, (eds.) (pp. pp. 81-88). IEEE Press: Edinburgh, UK.","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1486199311","https://openalex.org/W1502579426","https://openalex.org/W1521880581","https://openalex.org/W1552798612","https://openalex.org/W1565206817","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1589720045","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1628481780","https://openalex.org/W1699954493","https://openalex.org/W1998674867","https://openalex.org/W2117595234","https://openalex.org/W2133285913","https://openalex.org/W2169245194","https://openalex.org/W2205023817","https://openalex.org/W3137715965","https://openalex.org/W4294817156","https://openalex.org/W6628942779","https://openalex.org/W6630310083","https://openalex.org/W6631107420","https://openalex.org/W6634034674","https://openalex.org/W6637305717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988664437","https://openalex.org/W2911471039","https://openalex.org/W2092233588","https://openalex.org/W3009254682","https://openalex.org/W2149342094","https://openalex.org/W2105102593","https://openalex.org/W2697745499","https://openalex.org/W4243888627","https://openalex.org/W2353396705","https://openalex.org/W2901533265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"use":[1],"evolutionary":[2,32],"computation":[3],"(EC)":[4],"to":[5,56,71],"automatically":[6],"find":[7],"problems":[8],"which":[9],"demonstrate":[10],"the":[11],"strength":[12],"and":[13,27,61,68],"weaknesses":[14],"of":[15],"modern":[16],"search":[17],"heuristics.":[18],"In":[19],"particular":[20],"we":[21],"analyse":[22],"particle":[23,75],"swarm":[24,76],"optimization":[25],"(PSO)":[26],"differential":[28],"evolution":[29],"(DE).":[30],"Both":[31],"algorithms":[33],"are":[34,54],"contrasted":[35],"with":[36],"a":[37],"robust":[38],"deterministic":[39],"gradient":[40],"based":[41],"searcher":[42],"(based":[43],"on":[44],"Newton-Raphson).":[45],"The":[46],"fitness":[47],"landscapes":[48],"made":[49],"by":[50],"genetic":[51],"programming":[52],"(GP)":[53],"used":[55],"illustrate":[57],"difficulties":[58],"in":[59],"GAs":[60],"PSOs":[62],"thereby":[63],"explaining":[64],"how":[65],"they":[66],"work":[67],"allowing":[69],"us":[70],"devise":[72],"better":[73],"extended":[74],"systems":[77],"(XPS)":[78]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
