{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2123932009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2004.1331099","title":"Hyper-heuristics applied to class and exam timetabling problems","display_name":"Hyper-heuristics applied to class and exam timetabling problems","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2123932009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2004.1331099","mag":"2123932009"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2004.1331099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2004.1331099","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2004 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8753)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007882217","display_name":"Peter Ross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5051-5382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Ross","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","Sch. of Comput, Napier Univ., Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput, Napier Univ., Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039692122","display_name":"Javier G. Mar\u0131\u0301n-Bl\u00e1zquez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2742-4607"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.G. Marin-Blazquez","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","Sch. of Comput, Napier Univ., Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput, Napier Univ., Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006992974","display_name":"Emma Hart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5405-4413"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I251738","display_name":"Edinburgh Napier University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zjvnn91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Hart","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","Sch. of Comput, Napier Univ., Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Comput, Napier Univ., Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I251738"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.8037,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93539949,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1691","last_page":"1698"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11596","display_name":"Constraint Satisfaction and Optimization","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10551","display_name":"Scheduling and Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9649999737739563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.8996779322624207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constructive","display_name":"Constructive","score":0.7126278281211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.6867496967315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6796633005142212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5702551603317261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5573340654373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.45631536841392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3211228847503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31531664729118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22170096635818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.13800910115242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0677545964717865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.06400960683822632}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.8996779322624207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.7126278281211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.6867496967315674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6796633005142212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5702551603317261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5573340654373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.45631536841392517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3211228847503662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31531664729118347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22170096635818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.13800910115242004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0677545964717865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.06400960683822632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2004.1331099","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2004.1331099","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2004 Congress on Evolutionary Computation (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8753)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322015","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W16292936","https://openalex.org/W1527172735","https://openalex.org/W1824538363","https://openalex.org/W2167036627","https://openalex.org/W2480762398","https://openalex.org/W6638335760"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2280422768","https://openalex.org/W3143197806","https://openalex.org/W4252555497","https://openalex.org/W3121175838","https://openalex.org/W3016293053","https://openalex.org/W1690653314","https://openalex.org/W2401723157","https://openalex.org/W2065055572","https://openalex.org/W2784269775","https://openalex.org/W2003384085"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Combinatorial":[0],"optimisation":[1,92],"algorithms":[2],"can":[3,16,75],"be":[4,76],"both":[5],"slow":[6],"and":[7,22,27,80,84,100],"fragile.":[8],"That":[9],"is,":[10],"the":[11,20,24,28,33,73,94],"quality":[12],"of":[13,43,65],"results":[14,86],"produced":[15],"vary":[17],"considerably":[18],"with":[19,23],"problem":[21],"parameters":[25],"chosen":[26],"user":[29],"must":[30],"hope":[31],"or":[32,35],"best":[34],"search":[36,47,102],"for":[37,48],"problem-specific":[38],"good":[39,60],"parameters.":[40],"The":[41],"idea":[42,74],"hyper-heuristics":[44],"is":[45,105],"to":[46,78],"a":[49,63],"good,":[50],"fast,":[51],"deterministic":[52],"algorithm":[53,96],"built":[54],"from":[55],"easily-understood":[56],"heuristics":[57],"that":[58],"shows":[59],"performance":[61],"across":[62],"range":[64],"problems.":[66,89],"In":[67],"this":[68],"paper":[69],"we":[70],"show":[71],"how":[72],"applied":[77],"class":[79],"exam":[81],"timetabling":[82],"problems":[83],"report":[85],"on":[87],"nontrivial":[88],"Unlike":[90],"many":[91],"algorithms,":[93],"generated":[95],"does":[97],"not":[98],"involve":[99],"solution-improving":[101],"step,":[103],"it":[104],"purely":[106],"constructive.":[107]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
