{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1521239017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2003.1299794","title":"A comparison of relative accuracy and raw accuracy in XCS","display_name":"A comparison of relative accuracy and raw accuracy in XCS","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-07-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1521239017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2003.1299794","mag":"1521239017"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2003.1299794","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2003.1299794","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2003 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2003. CEC '03.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040796351","display_name":"Pier Luca Lanzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1933-7717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I93860229","display_name":"Politecnico di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/01nffqt88","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"P.L. Lanzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Italy","Dipt. di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, , Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Laboratory Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipt. di Elettronica e Informazione, Politecnico di Milano, , Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040796351"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I93860229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.06122591,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":null,"first_page":"1123","last_page":"1129"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.9211000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.8311066627502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6693549156188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.574637234210968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5355883240699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.497236043214798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-subspace-method","display_name":"Random subspace method","score":0.4921959936618805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/margin-classifier","display_name":"Margin classifier","score":0.45699542760849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/approximation-error","display_name":"Approximation error","score":0.4327229857444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1641891598701477}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.8311066627502441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6693549156188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.574637234210968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5355883240699768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.497236043214798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106135958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7291993","display_name":"Random subspace method","level":3,"score":0.4921959936618805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173102733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760396","display_name":"Margin classifier","level":3,"score":0.45699542760849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.4327229857444763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1641891598701477}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2003.1299794","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2003.1299794","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The 2003 Congress on Evolutionary Computation, 2003. CEC '03.","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.343.9193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.343.9193","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:re.public.polimi.it:11311/569577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11311/569577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400312","display_name":"Virtual Community of Pathological Anatomy (University of Castilla La Mancha)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79189158","host_organization_name":"University of Castilla-La Mancha","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79189158"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W190718632","https://openalex.org/W1511791572","https://openalex.org/W1989101984","https://openalex.org/W2052153221","https://openalex.org/W2084028892","https://openalex.org/W6607707842"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964832275","https://openalex.org/W2389865566","https://openalex.org/W2888937984","https://openalex.org/W2407804800","https://openalex.org/W2128012032","https://openalex.org/W108062576","https://openalex.org/W2149131139","https://openalex.org/W2736909849","https://openalex.org/W2088298796","https://openalex.org/W354631666"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"XCS":[1],"classifier":[2,11,14,51,61,64],"fitness":[3,52],"is":[4,15,24,53,65,73],"measured":[5,54],"as":[6,55],"the":[7,21,31,37,56,68],"relative":[8,83],"accuracy":[9,59,84,87],"of":[10,20,45,60,91,96,102],"prediction.":[12,62],"A":[13,63],"fit":[16,66],"if":[17,67],"its":[18,71],"prediction":[19,72],"expected":[22],"payoff":[23],"more":[25],"accurate":[26],"than":[27,75],"that":[28,34],"provided":[29],"by":[30],"other":[32],"classifiers":[33],"appear":[35],"in":[36,49,94,100],"same":[38],"environmental":[39],"niches.":[40],"We":[41],"introduce":[42],"a":[43,76,89],"modification":[44],"Wilson's":[46,82],"original":[47],"definition":[48],"which":[50],"absolute":[57],"(raw)":[58],"error":[69],"affecting":[70],"smaller":[74],"given":[77],"threshold.":[78],"Then":[79],"we":[80],"compare":[81],"and":[85,99],"raw":[86],"on":[88],"number":[90],"problems":[92],"both":[93],"terms":[95,101],"learning":[97],"performance":[98],"generalization":[103],"capabilities.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}