{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1958044126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2002.1006202","title":"Training finite state machines to improve PCR primer design","display_name":"Training finite state machines to improve PCR primer design","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1958044126","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2002.1006202","mag":"1958044126"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2002.1006202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2002.1006202","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. CEC'02 (Cat. No.02TH8600)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108360962","display_name":"Dan Ashlock","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Ashlock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mathematics Department, Bioinformatics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","Dept. of Math., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mathematics Department, Bioinformatics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Math., Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009603373","display_name":"A. Wittrock","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Wittrock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111574745","display_name":"Tsui\u2010Jung Wen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173911158","display_name":"Iowa State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04rswrd78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsui-Jung Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","[Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Agronomy Department, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173911158"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.984,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87043522,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":null,"first_page":"13","last_page":"18"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10015","display_name":"Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10521","display_name":"RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primer","display_name":"Primer (cosmetics)","score":0.8003429174423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6768088936805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state-machine","display_name":"Finite-state machine","score":0.5871212482452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.46560055017471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4357762932777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polymerase-chain-reaction","display_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","score":0.4268296957015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40697455406188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.23678308725357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2117566168308258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics","display_name":"Genetics","score":0.1756128966808319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene","display_name":"Gene","score":0.08893537521362305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777563447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243397","display_name":"Primer (cosmetics)","level":2,"score":0.8003429174423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6768088936805725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.5871212482452393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.46560055017471313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4357762932777405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49105822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176996","display_name":"Polymerase chain reaction","level":3,"score":0.4268296957015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40697455406188965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.23678308725357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2117566168308258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.1756128966808319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.08893537521362305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cec.2002.1006202","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cec.2002.1006202","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the 2002 Congress on Evolutionary Computation. CEC'02 (Cat. No.02TH8600)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W98056105","https://openalex.org/W179648542","https://openalex.org/W1497256448","https://openalex.org/W1550894544","https://openalex.org/W1639032689","https://openalex.org/W1659842140","https://openalex.org/W1668369648","https://openalex.org/W1819875942","https://openalex.org/W2087236469","https://openalex.org/W2152150600","https://openalex.org/W2164789569","https://openalex.org/W3023540311","https://openalex.org/W6607273925","https://openalex.org/W6632830882"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1875391864","https://openalex.org/W167405190","https://openalex.org/W2089399380","https://openalex.org/W2069409970","https://openalex.org/W167386479","https://openalex.org/W1978159796","https://openalex.org/W2053631017","https://openalex.org/W2056107733","https://openalex.org/W1910497071","https://openalex.org/W2131810051"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"present":[1],"preliminary":[2],"results":[3],"on":[4],"training":[5],"finite":[6],"state":[7],"machines":[8],"(FSMs)":[9],"as":[10],"good/bad":[11],"classifiers":[12],"for":[13,54],"polymerase":[14],"chain":[15],"reaction":[16],"(PCR)":[17],"primers.":[18],"Novel":[19],"features":[20],"of":[21,27,30],"the":[22],"work":[23],"presented":[24,39],"include":[25],"hybridization":[26],"multiple":[28],"populations":[29],"FSMs":[31],"and":[32,56],"an":[33],"incremental":[34],"fitness":[35],"function.":[36],"The":[37],"system":[38],"here":[40],"is":[41],"a":[42,46],"post-production":[43],"add-on":[44],"to":[45,52],"standard":[47],"primer":[48],"picking":[49],"program":[50],"intended":[51],"compensate":[53],"organism":[55],"lab":[57],"specific":[58],"factors.":[59]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
