{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7123352987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc57313.2025.11312972","title":"Optimal control of heat pumps with thermal storage under time-of-use tariffs","display_name":"Optimal control of heat pumps with thermal storage under time-of-use tariffs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7123352987","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc57313.2025.11312972"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cdc57313.2025.11312972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc57313.2025.11312972","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 64th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122848889","display_name":"James Fleming","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Fleming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Loughborough University,Wolfson School of Engineering,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loughborough University,Wolfson School of Engineering,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002352296","display_name":"Edward Barbour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9990-4928"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Barbour","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Birmingham,Birmingham Energy Institute,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Birmingham,Birmingham Energy Institute,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026331932","display_name":"Andrew J. Urquhart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6706-0265"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143804889","display_name":"Loughborough University","ror":"https://ror.org/04vg4w365","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Urquhart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Loughborough University,Wolfson School of Engineering,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Loughborough University,Wolfson School of Engineering,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143804889"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"4738","last_page":"4743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.4101000130176544,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.4101000130176544,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.21160000562667847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.08479999750852585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.6552000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-energy-storage","display_name":"Thermal energy storage","score":0.5960999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tariff","display_name":"Tariff","score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.5322999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5004000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-pump","display_name":"Heat pump","score":0.4050000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.6552000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183287310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142963","display_name":"Thermal energy storage","level":2,"score":0.5960999727249146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776060655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52389","display_name":"Tariff","level":2,"score":0.5439000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5386999845504761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5322999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.5299000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5004000067710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131313","display_name":"Heat pump","level":3,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.365200012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778820799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454688","display_name":"Cost reduction","level":2,"score":0.3395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107861326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209233","display_name":"Thermal energy","level":2,"score":0.3321000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.2964000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2913999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988529969","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5142478","display_name":"Cold storage","level":2,"score":0.2865000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777347956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1362005","display_name":"Operating cost","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777030403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17099419","display_name":"Load shifting","level":3,"score":0.27059999108314514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.2635999917984009}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cdc57313.2025.11312972","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc57313.2025.11312972","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2025 IEEE 64th Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.4623054265975952}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"countries":[1],"with":[2,87,119,148],"cold":[3],"winters,":[4],"air":[5],"and":[6,32,97],"ground":[7],"source":[8],"heat":[9,15,84],"pumps":[10],"have":[11],"the":[12,18,30,45,76,95,152,160],"potential":[13],"to":[14,41,70,93],"buildings":[16],"without":[17],"use":[19],"of":[20,78,142,151],"fossil":[21],"fuels.":[22],"However":[23],"they":[24],"increase":[25],"peak":[26,53],"electrical":[27],"loads":[28],"for":[29,44,82],"building,":[31],"if":[33,48],"time-of-use":[34,124],"electricity":[35,125],"tariffs":[36],"are":[37],"used,":[38],"potentially":[39],"lead":[40],"high":[42],"costs":[43],"end":[46],"user":[47],"heating":[49],"is":[50],"required":[51],"at":[52],"times.":[54],"Motivated":[55],"by":[56,165],"recent":[57],"work":[58],"showing":[59],"that":[60,128],"thermal":[61],"energy":[62,68],"storage":[63],"(TES)":[64],"may":[65],"provide":[66],"useful":[67],"flexibility":[69],"address":[71],"these":[72],"issues,":[73],"we":[74],"consider":[75],"problem":[77,96],"minimising":[79],"operating":[80],"cost":[81,138],"a":[83,116,123,133,156],"pump":[85],"equipped":[86],"TES.":[88],"We":[89],"apply":[90],"Pontryagin\u2019s":[91],"principle":[92],"analyse":[94],"characterise":[98],"its":[99],"solutions":[100],"before":[101],"developing":[102],"practically":[103],"applicable":[104],"controllers":[105],"via":[106],"costate":[107],"estimation.":[108],"Simulation":[109],"based":[110],"on":[111,122],"real-world":[112],"demand":[113],"data":[114,121],"from":[115],"UK":[117],"house":[118],"historical":[120],"tariff":[126],"indicates":[127],"this":[129],"controller":[130,147],"could":[131],"achieve":[132,155],"20.1%":[134],"reduction":[135,158],"in":[136,159],"running":[137],"over":[139],"one":[140],"year":[141],"operation.":[143],"A":[144],"globally":[145],"optimal":[146],"perfect":[149],"knowledge":[150],"future":[153],"would":[154],"22.8%":[157],"same":[161],"scenario,":[162],"as":[163],"calculated":[164],"dynamic":[166],"programming.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-01-14T00:00:00"}