{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120507936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc42340.2020.9304065","title":"A Virtual Battery Model for Packetized Energy Management","display_name":"A Virtual Battery Model for Packetized Energy Management","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120507936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc42340.2020.9304065","mag":"3120507936"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cdc42340.2020.9304065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc42340.2020.9304065","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 59th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005494593","display_name":"Luis A. Duffaut Espinosa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4363-5375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Luis A. Duffaut Espinosa","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vermont,Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering,Burlington,VT,USA,05405"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vermont,Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering,Burlington,VT,USA,05405","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015552689","display_name":"Adil Khurram","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5690-5966"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adil Khurram","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vermont,Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering,Burlington,VT,USA,05405"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vermont,Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering,Burlington,VT,USA,05405","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053327116","display_name":"Mads Almassalkhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3536-5563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111236770","display_name":"University of Vermont","ror":"https://ror.org/0155zta11","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mads R. Almassalkhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Vermont,Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering,Burlington,VT,USA,05405"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Vermont,Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering,Burlington,VT,USA,05405","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111236770"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"42","last_page":"48"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.67235267162323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.6462845206260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton-exchange-membrane-fuel-cell","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","score":0.568511962890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.5153641104698181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management-system","display_name":"Energy management system","score":0.5092865228652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.48398637771606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4579100012779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.435698002576828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.3738519549369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.33383482694625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.33149731159210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.22597742080688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1972791850566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09829765558242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cells","display_name":"Fuel cells","score":0.09338873624801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.0792633593082428}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.67235267162323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.6462845206260681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132319479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899619","display_name":"Proton exchange membrane fuel cell","level":3,"score":0.568511962890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.5153641104698181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781260460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6139999","display_name":"Energy management system","level":4,"score":0.5092865228652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.48398637771606445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4579100012779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.435698002576828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.3738519549369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.33383482694625854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.33149731159210205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.22597742080688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1972791850566864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09829765558242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.09338873624801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0792633593082428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42360764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83588","display_name":"Chemical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cdc42340.2020.9304065","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc42340.2020.9304065","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 59th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1787290749","https://openalex.org/W1998522602","https://openalex.org/W2079352691","https://openalex.org/W2184468295","https://openalex.org/W2327685928","https://openalex.org/W2736101401","https://openalex.org/W2765288622","https://openalex.org/W2782934201","https://openalex.org/W2805365046","https://openalex.org/W2889287259","https://openalex.org/W2896435613","https://openalex.org/W2912967921","https://openalex.org/W2922326932","https://openalex.org/W2967482668","https://openalex.org/W2968815115","https://openalex.org/W3011441835","https://openalex.org/W6686279822","https://openalex.org/W6754767495","https://openalex.org/W6761059552"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2749199243","https://openalex.org/W2133545517","https://openalex.org/W2352231626","https://openalex.org/W2964681094","https://openalex.org/W2577786578","https://openalex.org/W2155847504","https://openalex.org/W2896932934","https://openalex.org/W2006976067","https://openalex.org/W1984852161","https://openalex.org/W2782741053"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,35,67,188],"goal":[1],"of":[2,15,74,88,102,105,174,183,190,196],"this":[3],"paper":[4,68],"is":[5,28,82,152,157,192],"to":[6,11,97,132],"develop":[7],"a":[8,41,61,71,180],"low-order":[9,36],"model":[10,37,59,163],"represent":[12],"the":[13,24,58,85,89,92,98,103,109,114,121,127,130,134,143,150,155,161,172,176],"coordination":[14],"distributed":[16],"energy":[17,32,39,137,147,177],"resources":[18,198],"based":[19],"on":[20,70],"concepts":[21],"that":[22,84],"make":[23],"internet":[25],"work":[26],"and":[27,49,117,145,205],"known":[29],"as":[30,40,160],"packetized":[31],"management":[33],"(PEM).":[34],"includes":[38],"state":[42],"variable":[43],"together":[44],"with":[45,171],"dynamic":[46],"opt-out":[47],"constraints":[48],"internal":[50],"packet":[51,106],"request":[52],"feedback,":[53],"which":[54],"in":[55,120,179,194],"principle":[56],"turns":[57],"into":[60],"PEM":[62,115],"virtual":[63],"battery":[64],"(PEM-VB)":[65],"model.":[66],"focuses":[69],"homogeneous":[72],"aggregation":[73],"electric":[75],"water":[76],"heaters":[77],"(EWHs)":[78],"under":[79,186],"PEM.":[80,187],"It":[81],"shown":[83],"bottom-up":[86],"logic":[87],"PEM-VB":[90,151,156,191],"makes":[91],"system":[93,128],"observable":[94],"mainly":[95],"due":[96],"convenient":[99],"feeding":[100],"back":[101],"number":[104],"requests":[107],"through":[108],"communication":[110],"channel":[111],"established":[112],"between":[113],"coordinator":[116],"devices":[118],"enrolled":[119],"scheme.":[122],"Without":[123],"such":[124],"extra":[125],"information,":[126],"loses":[129],"ability":[131],"observe":[133],"system's":[135],"stored":[136,178],"state.":[138],"A":[139],"procedure":[140],"for":[141,149,164],"computing":[142],"maximum":[144],"minimum":[146],"bounds":[148],"developed.":[153],"Moreover,":[154],"explicitly":[158],"used":[159],"underlying":[162],"an":[165],"extended":[166],"Kalman":[167],"filter":[168],"observer":[169],"formulation":[170],"purpose":[173],"estimating":[175],"simulated":[181],"ensemble":[182],"agent-based":[184],"EWHs":[185],"use":[189],"demonstrated":[193],"pre-positioning":[195],"flexible":[197],"depending":[199],"upon":[200],"load":[201],"forecasts.":[202],"Finally,":[203],"conclusions":[204],"future":[206],"directions":[207],"are":[208],"provided.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}