{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2115656617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2010.5717318","title":"Cyber security analysis of state estimators in electric power systems","display_name":"Cyber security analysis of state estimators in electric power systems","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2115656617","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2010.5717318","mag":"2115656617"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/cdc.2010.5717318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2010.5717318","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-74472","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081810653","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Teixeira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-4068"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andre Teixeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automatic Control Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","Automatic Control Lab, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automatic Control Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automatic Control Lab, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112133200","display_name":"Saurabh Amin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1554-015X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saurabh Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["TRUST Center, University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TRUST Center, University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056120878","display_name":"Henrik Sandberg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1835-2963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henrik Sandberg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automatic Control Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","Automatic Control Lab, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automatic Control Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automatic Control Lab, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045975901","display_name":"Karl Henrik Johansson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9940-5929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86987016","display_name":"KTH Royal Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/026vcq606","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karl H. Johansson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Automatic Control Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","Automatic Control Lab, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automatic Control Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Automatic Control Lab, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062722286","display_name":"Shankar Sastry","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9021-7235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shankar S. Sastry","raw_affiliation_strings":["TRUST Center, University of California, Berkeley, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TRUST Center, University of California, Berkeley, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081810653"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86987016"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":42.9565,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":403,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99843586,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"5991","last_page":"5998"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.8228157758712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7205689549446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.635492205619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5713574290275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5082294940948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.5028166174888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.49181535840034485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4837906062602997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4637134075164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.447308212518692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.4150657653808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.37574630975723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32522642612457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2442696988582611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.23341509699821472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1693795919418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1487196683883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0931013822555542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.8228157758712769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7205689549446106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.635492205619812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5713574290275574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5082294940948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.5028166174888611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.49181535840034485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4837906062602997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4637134075164795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.447308212518692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.4150657653808594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.37574630975723267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32522642612457275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2442696988582611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.23341509699821472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1693795919418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1487196683883667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0931013822555542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/cdc.2010.5717318","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/cdc.2010.5717318","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.187.4628","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.187.4628","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.s3.kth.se/%7Ekallej/papers/secure_cdc10.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-74472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-74472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:DiVA.org:kth-74472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-74472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401559","display_name":"KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5899999737739563}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W207267598","https://openalex.org/W243364245","https://openalex.org/W1571323288","https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1988352342","https://openalex.org/W2005028112","https://openalex.org/W2008690196","https://openalex.org/W2010681424","https://openalex.org/W2027550985","https://openalex.org/W2061901924","https://openalex.org/W2120350343","https://openalex.org/W2140900554","https://openalex.org/W2145269382","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2555431798","https://openalex.org/W4235928728","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4293005804","https://openalex.org/W4362230038","https://openalex.org/W6608408474","https://openalex.org/W6609413134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2265199518","https://openalex.org/W2215365983","https://openalex.org/W2995370509","https://openalex.org/W2184855233","https://openalex.org/W2198908836","https://openalex.org/W2060479059","https://openalex.org/W2494895348","https://openalex.org/W4229698505","https://openalex.org/W2358245908","https://openalex.org/W1968647112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,39],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,127,202],"analyze":[4],"the":[5,56,83,92,106,120,130,147,157,174,184,188,193,227],"cyber":[6,77],"security":[7],"of":[8,27,74,85,146,162,176],"state":[9,41,117],"estimators":[10],"in":[11,20,36,55,82,173,231],"Supervisory":[12],"Control":[13],"and":[14,24,164,178,208,225],"Data":[15],"Acquisition":[16],"(SCADA)":[17],"systems":[18,31],"operating":[19],"power":[21],"grids.":[22],"Safe":[23],"reliable":[25],"operation":[26],"these":[28],"critical":[29,228],"infrastructure":[30],"is":[32],"a":[33,72,86,134,138,143,160],"major":[34],"concern":[35],"our":[37],"society.":[38],"current":[40],"estimation":[42],"algorithms":[43],"there":[44],"are":[45,61,100],"bad":[46],"data":[47],"detection":[48],"(BDD)":[49],"schemes":[50,60],"to":[51,105,142,167,222],"detect":[52,71],"random":[53],"outliers":[54],"measurement":[57,65],"data.":[58],"Such":[59,137],"based":[62],"on":[63],"high":[64],"redundancy.":[66],"Although":[67],"such":[68],"methods":[69],"may":[70,80,140],"set":[73,161],"very":[75],"basic":[76],"attacks,":[78,171],"they":[79],"fail":[81],"presence":[84],"more":[87,185],"intelligent":[88],"attacker.":[89],"We":[90,155,181],"explore":[91],"latter":[93],"by":[94,159],"considering":[95],"scenarios":[96],"where":[97],"deception":[98,195],"attacks":[99,110],"performed,":[101],"sending":[102],"false":[103],"information":[104],"control":[107],"center.":[108],"Similar":[109],"have":[111],"been":[112],"studied":[113],"before":[114],"for":[115,212],"linear":[116,177],"estimators,":[118],"assuming":[119],"attacker":[121,131,158,189],"has":[122,190],"perfect":[123],"model":[124,139,145,187,206],"knowledge.":[125],"Here":[126],"instead":[128],"assume":[129],"only":[132],"possesses":[133],"perturbed":[135],"model.":[136,154],"correspond":[141],"partial":[144],"true":[148],"system,":[149],"or":[150],"even":[151],"an":[152],"out-dated":[153],"characterize":[156],"objectives,":[163],"propose":[165],"policies":[166],"synthesize":[168],"stealthy":[169],"deceptions":[170],"both":[172],"case":[175],"nonlinear":[179],"estimators.":[180],"show":[182],"that":[183],"accurate":[186],"access":[191],"to,":[192],"larger":[194],"attack":[196,210],"he":[197],"can":[198,219],"perform":[199],"undetected.":[200],"Specifically,":[201],"quantify":[203],"trade-offs":[204],"between":[205],"accuracy":[207],"possible":[209],"impact":[211],"different":[213],"BDD":[214],"schemes.":[215],"The":[216],"developed":[217],"tools":[218],"be":[220],"used":[221],"further":[223],"strengthen":[224],"protect":[226],"state-estimation":[229],"component":[230],"SCADA":[232],"systems.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":26}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}