{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131445682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc67433.2026.11393829","title":"A Deployable Platform for Real-World Network Traffic Classification Edge Devices","display_name":"A Deployable Platform for Real-World Network Traffic Classification Edge Devices","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131445682","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc67433.2026.11393829"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc67433.2026.11393829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc67433.2026.11393829","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 16th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126799884","display_name":"Ankit Tiwari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123200800","display_name":"La Sierra University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g1rjn35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123200800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ankit Tiwari","raw_affiliation_strings":["La Sierra University,Computer Science Department,Riverside,,CA,USA,92505"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"La Sierra University,Computer Science Department,Riverside,,CA,USA,92505","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123200800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126832854","display_name":"Sean Sullivan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123200800","display_name":"La Sierra University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g1rjn35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123200800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean Sullivan","raw_affiliation_strings":["La Sierra University,Computer Science Department,Riverside,,CA,USA,92505"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"La Sierra University,Computer Science Department,Riverside,,CA,USA,92505","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123200800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115428594","display_name":"Charles Stolz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles Stolz","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering &#x0026; Computer Science, University of North Dakota,Grand Forks,ND,USA,58201"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering &#x0026; Computer Science, University of North Dakota,Grand Forks,ND,USA,58201","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071723292","display_name":"Jielun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2113-2104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jielun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering &#x0026; Computer Science, University of North Dakota,Grand Forks,ND,USA,58201"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering &#x0026; Computer Science, University of North Dakota,Grand Forks,ND,USA,58201","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029012510","display_name":"Fuhao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8076-2221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123200800","display_name":"La Sierra University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g1rjn35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123200800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fuhao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["La Sierra University,Computer Science Department,Riverside,,CA,USA,92505"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"La Sierra University,Computer Science Department,Riverside,,CA,USA,92505","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123200800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123649071","display_name":"Enoch Hwang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123200800","display_name":"La Sierra University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g1rjn35","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123200800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enoch Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["La Sierra University,Computer Science Department,Riverside,,CA,USA,92505"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"La Sierra University,Computer Science Department,Riverside,,CA,USA,92505","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123200800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.14752202,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1077","last_page":"1083"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.32839998602867126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.32839998602867126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.24289999902248383,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.08219999819993973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethernet","display_name":"Ethernet","score":0.6459000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limiting","display_name":"Limiting","score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/networking-hardware","display_name":"Networking hardware","score":0.3601999878883362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172173386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79984","display_name":"Ethernet","level":2,"score":0.6459000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.6251000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5551000237464905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.5339999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.40290001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3950999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3926999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.37040001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159631557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1546066","display_name":"Networking hardware","level":2,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3264000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138236772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25098575","display_name":"Edge device","level":3,"score":0.31929999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780898871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Performance metric","level":2,"score":0.31279999017715454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.28700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81877898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1965787","display_name":"Network monitoring","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46451311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262550","display_name":"Traffic shaping","level":4,"score":0.27390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114809511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412924","display_name":"Flow network","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc67433.2026.11393829","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc67433.2026.11393829","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 16th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4215174913406372,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1876247797","display_name":"CRII: SaTC: Towards Sustainable Intrusion Detection for Edge via Spatial Collaboration and Temporal Knowledge Retention","funder_award_id":"2451357","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W765936379","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2620689220","https://openalex.org/W2750674396","https://openalex.org/W2897042268","https://openalex.org/W2917091861","https://openalex.org/W3007028474","https://openalex.org/W3009698636","https://openalex.org/W3044603458","https://openalex.org/W3047014424","https://openalex.org/W3177990660","https://openalex.org/W3198051278","https://openalex.org/W3215672417","https://openalex.org/W4220688378","https://openalex.org/W4226406117","https://openalex.org/W4294982536","https://openalex.org/W4312893735","https://openalex.org/W4391877491","https://openalex.org/W4392912146","https://openalex.org/W4399181772","https://openalex.org/W4400431155","https://openalex.org/W4402010619","https://openalex.org/W4405394913","https://openalex.org/W4409197329"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"Traffic":[1],"Classification":[2],"(NTC)":[3],"is":[4,103],"fundamental":[5],"to":[6,28],"network":[7,46,118],"management,":[8],"service":[9],"differentiation,":[10],"and":[11,63,94,130,152,162],"performance":[12],"optimization.":[13],"However,":[14],"most":[15],"existing":[16],"studies":[17],"rely":[18],"on":[19,116],"offline":[20],"datasets":[21],"or":[22],"controlled":[23],"simulations,":[24],"limiting":[25],"their":[26],"applicability":[27],"real":[29,117],"operational":[30,150],"environments.":[31],"This":[32],"paper":[33],"presents":[34],"a":[35,79,95,155],"deployable":[36],"end-to-end":[37],"NTC":[38],"platform":[39,144],"designed":[40],"for":[41,158],"continuous":[42,159],"monitoring":[43,161],"of":[44,141],"live":[45,92],"traffic.":[47],"The":[48,143],"system":[49],"operates":[50],"as":[51,154],"an":[52,138],"edge-side":[53],"passive":[54],"probe":[55],"that":[56,87,121],"captures":[57],"Ethernet":[58],"traffic":[59,160],"non-intrusively":[60],"using":[61],"TShark":[62],"extracts$\\mathbf{2":[64],"8}$-dimensional":[65],"statistical":[66],"flow":[67,102],"features":[68],"within":[69],"sliding":[70],"observation":[71],"windows.":[72],"To":[73],"support":[74],"real-time":[75],"classification,":[76],"we":[77],"introduce":[78],"Per-Feature":[80],"Normalized":[81],"Mean":[82],"Square":[83],"Error":[84],"(PFNMSE)":[85],"metric":[86],"normalizes":[88],"feature-wise":[89],"deviations":[90],"between":[91],"samples":[93],"pre-built":[96],"application":[97,128],"feature":[98],"library.":[99],"Each":[100],"incoming":[101],"categorized":[104],"by":[105],"identifying":[106],"the":[107,111,122],"library":[108],"entry":[109],"with":[110],"smallest":[112],"PF-NMSE":[113],"score.":[114],"Experiments":[115],"sessions":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"proposed":[123],"PF-NMSE-based":[124],"classifier":[125],"accurately":[126],"recognizes":[127],"types":[129],"streaming":[131],"resolutions":[132],"under":[133],"varying":[134],"bandwidth":[135],"conditions,":[136],"achieving":[137],"average":[139],"accuracy":[140],"97%.":[142],"can":[145],"be":[146],"directly":[147],"deployed":[148],"in":[149],"networks":[151],"serves":[153],"practical":[156],"solution":[157],"application-level":[163],"behavior":[164],"analysis.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-06T08:24:18.245995","created_date":"2026-02-26T00:00:00"}
