{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391769146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc60891.2024.10427777","title":"MRL-PoS: A Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning based Proof of Stake Consensus Algorithm for Blockchain","display_name":"MRL-PoS: A Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning based Proof of Stake Consensus Algorithm for Blockchain","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391769146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc60891.2024.10427777"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc60891.2024.10427777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc60891.2024.10427777","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 14th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101858826","display_name":"Tariqul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2619-921X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tariqul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Syracuse University,School of Information Studies (iSchool),Syracuse,NY,USA","School of Information Studies (iSchool), Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syracuse University,School of Information Studies (iSchool),Syracuse,NY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Studies (iSchool), Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011189605","display_name":"Faisal Haque Bappy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2426-9883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faisal Haque Bappy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Syracuse University,School of Information Studies (iSchool),Syracuse,NY,USA","School of Information Studies (iSchool), Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Syracuse University,School of Information Studies (iSchool),Syracuse,NY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Studies (iSchool), Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050415345","display_name":"Tarannum Shaila Zaman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8634-524X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90965887","display_name":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/000fxgx19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarannum Shaila Zaman","raw_affiliation_strings":["SUNY Polytechnic Institute,Computer and Information Science,NY,USA","Computer and Information Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SUNY Polytechnic Institute,Computer and Information Science,NY,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Science, SUNY Polytechnic Institute, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90965887"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070866953","display_name":"Md Sajidul Islam Sajid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7269-3748"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4322298","display_name":"Towson University","ror":"https://ror.org/044w7a341","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Sajidul Islam Sajid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towson University,Computer and Information Sciences,Towson,MD,USA","Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towson University,Computer and Information Sciences,Towson,MD,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer and Information Sciences, Towson University, Towson, MD, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4322298"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048838140","display_name":"Mir Mehedi Ahsan Pritom","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1260-1829"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63920570","display_name":"Tennessee Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/05drmrq39","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mir Mehedi Ahsan Pritom","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tennessee Tech University,Computer Science,Cookeville,TN,USA","Computer Science, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tennessee Tech University,Computer Science,Cookeville,TN,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science, Tennessee Tech University, Cookeville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63920570"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101858826"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94947111,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"0409","last_page":"0413"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12288","display_name":"Optimization and Search Problems","score":0.9513999819755554,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/byzantine-fault-tolerance","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","score":0.836692214012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8169496655464172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-work-system","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","score":0.7681185007095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7268251180648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.7244186997413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptability","display_name":"Adaptability","score":0.6260120868682861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6023859977722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.5704619884490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus-algorithm","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","score":0.5544120073318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5136906504631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-contract","display_name":"Smart contract","score":0.4445028305053711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consensus","display_name":"Consensus","score":0.4358813762664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proof-of-concept","display_name":"Proof of concept","score":0.4129675030708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.36621958017349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3270893692970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3239855468273163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31093382835388184}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168021876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1353446","display_name":"Byzantine fault tolerance","level":3,"score":0.836692214012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8169496655464172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123436394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7249984","display_name":"Proof-of-work system","level":3,"score":0.7681185007095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7268251180648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.7244186997413635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177606310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5674297","display_name":"Adaptability","level":2,"score":0.6260120868682861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6023859977722168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.5704619884490967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983222225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5544120073318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5136906504631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.4445028305053711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107107730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2994424","display_name":"Consensus","level":3,"score":0.4358813762664795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124978682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201019","display_name":"Proof of concept","level":2,"score":0.4129675030708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.36621958017349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3270893692970276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3239855468273163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31093382835388184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc60891.2024.10427777","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc60891.2024.10427777","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE 14th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2126087831","https://openalex.org/W2183126124","https://openalex.org/W2437597201","https://openalex.org/W2573050643","https://openalex.org/W2613995098","https://openalex.org/W2739845435","https://openalex.org/W2767453162","https://openalex.org/W2810034004","https://openalex.org/W2810807736","https://openalex.org/W2908085188","https://openalex.org/W2913845934","https://openalex.org/W2914443561","https://openalex.org/W2947400732","https://openalex.org/W3014171364","https://openalex.org/W3119533029","https://openalex.org/W3124927426","https://openalex.org/W3171310561","https://openalex.org/W4211068006","https://openalex.org/W4248175462","https://openalex.org/W4311903551","https://openalex.org/W4385332819","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6686086662","https://openalex.org/W6717840586","https://openalex.org/W6732306980"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4283579034","https://openalex.org/W3184106935","https://openalex.org/W3103461600","https://openalex.org/W3111746508","https://openalex.org/W3201708707","https://openalex.org/W4391045540","https://openalex.org/W4292208663","https://openalex.org/W4312637352","https://openalex.org/W2897038802","https://openalex.org/W2758945826"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"core":[1],"of":[2,19,35,48,67,121,158,165],"a":[3,53,91,139,163],"blockchain":[4,95,123],"network":[5,64,81,96,124],"is":[6,58,65,87,108,125],"its":[7,193],"consensus":[8,20,141],"algorithm.":[9],"Starting":[10],"with":[11],"the":[12,63,73,80,94,118,122,156,180],"Proof-of-Work,":[13],"there":[14,57,107],"have":[15],"been":[16],"various":[17,83],"versions":[18],"algorithms,":[21],"such":[22],"as":[23],"Proof-of-Stake":[24,140],"(PoS),":[25],"Proof-of-Authority":[26],"(PoA),":[27],"and":[28,45,62,101,130,167,173,184],"Practical":[29],"Byzantine":[30],"Fault":[31],"Tolerance":[32],"(PBFT).":[33],"Each":[34],"these":[36,103],"algorithms":[37],"focuses":[38],"on":[39,144],"different":[40],"aspects":[41],"to":[42,78,89,97,112,127,155,169,182,186],"ensure":[43],"efficient":[44],"reliable":[46],"processing":[47],"transactions.":[49],"Blockchain":[50],"operates":[51],"in":[52,82],"decentralized":[54],"manner":[55],"where":[56],"no":[59,109],"central":[60],"authority":[61],"composed":[66],"diverse":[68],"users.":[69,160],"This":[70,135],"openness":[71],"creates":[72],"potential":[74],"for":[75,152],"malicious":[76,104,115,171,188],"nodes":[77,172],"disrupt":[79],"ways.":[84],"Therefore,":[85],"it":[86],"crucial":[88],"embed":[90],"mechanism":[92,111],"within":[93],"constantly":[98],"monitor,":[99],"identify,":[100],"eliminate":[102,170],"nodes.":[105,116],"However,":[106],"one-size-fits-all":[110],"identify":[113],"all":[114,133,159],"Hence,":[117],"dynamic":[119],"adaptability":[120],"important":[126],"maintain":[128],"security":[129],"reliability":[131],"at":[132],"times.":[134],"paper":[136],"introduces":[137],"MRL-PoS,":[138],"algorithm":[142],"based":[143],"multi-agent":[145],"reinforcement":[146,150],"learning.":[147],"MRL-PoS":[148,178],"employs":[149],"learning":[151],"dynamically":[153],"adjusting":[154],"behavior":[157],"It":[161],"incorporates":[162],"system":[164],"rewards":[166],"penalties":[168],"incentivize":[174],"honest":[175],"ones.":[176],"Additionally,":[177],"has":[179],"capability":[181],"learn":[183],"respond":[185],"new":[187],"tactics":[189],"by":[190],"continually":[191],"training":[192],"agents.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-09T08:58:05.943551","created_date":"2024-02-14T00:00:00"}