{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366251082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc57344.2023.10099286","title":"Process Proportional-Integral PI Control with Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Process Proportional-Integral PI Control with Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366251082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc57344.2023.10099286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc57344.2023.10099286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccwc57344.2023.10099286","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 13th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054496553","display_name":"Teckchai Tiong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5199-7232"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158949172","display_name":"Curtin University Sarawak","ror":"https://ror.org/024fm2y42","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158949172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teckchai Tiong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Curtin University Malaysia,Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miri Sarawak,Malaysia","Electrical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University Malaysia, Miri Sarawak, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Curtin University Malaysia,Electrical and Computer Engineering,Miri Sarawak,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158949172"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering, Curtin University Malaysia, Miri Sarawak, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158949172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108112264","display_name":"Ismail Saad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ismail Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Malaysia Sabah,Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Kota Kinabalu,Sabah,Malaysia","Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Malaysia Sabah,Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Kota Kinabalu,Sabah,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068600158","display_name":"Kenneth Tze Kin Teo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9112-7194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth Tze Kin Teo","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Malaysia Sabah,Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Kota Kinabalu,Sabah,Malaysia","Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Malaysia Sabah,Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Kota Kinabalu,Sabah,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112908477","display_name":"Herwansyah bin Lago","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161371597","display_name":"Universiti of Malaysia Sabah","ror":"https://ror.org/040v70252","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Herwansyah Bin Lago","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Malaysia Sabah,Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Kota Kinabalu,Sabah,Malaysia","Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Malaysia Sabah,Electrical and Electronics Engineering,Kota Kinabalu,Sabah,Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161371597"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.04239161,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2013","issue":null,"first_page":"0093","last_page":"0101"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10791","display_name":"Advanced Control Systems Optimization","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10876","display_name":"Fault Detection and Control Systems","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14083","display_name":"Extremum Seeking Control Systems","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pid-controller","display_name":"PID controller","score":0.896910548210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8367926478385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.7158511281013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6619625687599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.633273184299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.6122503280639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-control","display_name":"Process control","score":0.48519018292427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remedial-education","display_name":"Remedial education","score":0.46325621008872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.4368909001350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proportional-control","display_name":"Proportional control","score":0.41938576102256775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3537883162498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3192140460014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.2890172600746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22429433465003967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.16839340329170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temperature-control","display_name":"Temperature control","score":0.12268877029418945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47116090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716829","display_name":"PID controller","level":3,"score":0.896910548210144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8367926478385925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.7158511281013489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6619625687599182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.633273184299469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6122503280639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155386361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1649571","display_name":"Process control","level":3,"score":0.48519018292427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100207952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7311597","display_name":"Remedial education","level":2,"score":0.46325621008872986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.4368909001350403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96224696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2043486","display_name":"Proportional control","level":3,"score":0.41938576102256775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3537883162498474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3192140460014343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.2890172600746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22429433465003967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.16839340329170227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.12268877029418945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc57344.2023.10099286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccwc57344.2023.10099286","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 IEEE 13th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585546346","https://openalex.org/W1733260092","https://openalex.org/W1890078218","https://openalex.org/W1963780181","https://openalex.org/W2002045200","https://openalex.org/W2009118730","https://openalex.org/W2016211524","https://openalex.org/W2017837172","https://openalex.org/W2031132777","https://openalex.org/W2087232315","https://openalex.org/W2093831009","https://openalex.org/W2114669221","https://openalex.org/W2116719998","https://openalex.org/W2124280092","https://openalex.org/W2132858840","https://openalex.org/W2138131694","https://openalex.org/W2162207016","https://openalex.org/W2165150801","https://openalex.org/W2165501837","https://openalex.org/W2175519563","https://openalex.org/W2539927224","https://openalex.org/W2616006440","https://openalex.org/W2738109916","https://openalex.org/W2796067692","https://openalex.org/W2897318738","https://openalex.org/W2897908033","https://openalex.org/W2901174038","https://openalex.org/W2943377314","https://openalex.org/W2951097493","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2980070341","https://openalex.org/W3023586494","https://openalex.org/W3026899952","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4298857966","https://openalex.org/W4302570325","https://openalex.org/W6635147684","https://openalex.org/W6637967152","https://openalex.org/W6639847202","https://openalex.org/W6666877243","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6737948415","https://openalex.org/W6755322065"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1482561480","https://openalex.org/W3212266838","https://openalex.org/W1494581972","https://openalex.org/W2097146313","https://openalex.org/W1583368248","https://openalex.org/W3174007382","https://openalex.org/W1950988046","https://openalex.org/W1552291238","https://openalex.org/W4316659080","https://openalex.org/W2471237625"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Advanced":[0],"model-based":[1],"controllers":[2],"in":[3,72],"process":[4],"industries":[5],"require":[6],"regular":[7],"maintenance":[8],"to":[9,37,49],"maintain":[10],"acceptable":[11],"performance.":[12],"Controller":[13],"performance":[14,25],"is":[15,47,63,89],"continuously":[16],"monitored":[17],"and":[18,32],"remedial":[19],"model":[20],"reidentification":[21],"procedure":[22],"initiated":[23],"when":[24],"degraded.":[26],"These":[27],"procedures":[28],"are":[29],"typically":[30],"complicated":[31],"often":[33],"cause":[34],"expensive":[35],"interruptions":[36],"normal":[38],"operations.":[39],"In":[40],"this":[41],"paper,":[42],"deep":[43],"reinforcement":[44],"learning":[45],"(DRL)":[46],"used":[48],"develop":[50],"an":[51],"adaptive,":[52],"model-free":[53],"controller":[54,62,66,88],"for":[55],"general":[56],"discrete-time":[57],"processes.":[58],"The":[59,81],"proposed":[60],"DRL":[61,85],"a":[64],"data-based":[65],"that":[67],"learns":[68],"the":[69,79,84],"control":[70],"policy":[71],"real":[73],"time":[74],"by":[75],"merely":[76],"interacting":[77],"with":[78],"process.":[80],"effectiveness":[82],"of":[83],"Proportional-Integral-Derivative":[86],"(PID)":[87],"demonstrated":[90],"through":[91],"many":[92],"simulations.":[93]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}