{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3120349943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376108","title":"Explainable Neural Network-based Modulation Classification via Concept Bottleneck Models","display_name":"Explainable Neural Network-based Modulation Classification via Concept Bottleneck Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3120349943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376108","mag":"3120349943"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 11th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.01239","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045887475","display_name":"Lauren J. Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5896-0176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren J. Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel AI Lab","Intel,,,,,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel AI Lab","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel,,,,,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001456630","display_name":"Sean McPherson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6244-6038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sean McPherson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel AI Lab","Intel AI Labs"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel AI Lab","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel AI Labs","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01112776,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"0191","last_page":"0196"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9304999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9196000099182129,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bottleneck","display_name":"Bottleneck","score":0.7953667640686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enabling","display_name":"Enabling","score":0.7526801824569702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.6875929236412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6855151653289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6413587331771851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6266801357269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5576095581054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.5044523477554321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5035375952720642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.41637110710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.06713977456092834}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780513914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18210350","display_name":"Bottleneck","level":2,"score":0.7953667640686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22607594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5375150","display_name":"Enabling","level":2,"score":0.7526801824569702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.6875929236412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6855151653289795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6413587331771851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6266801357269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5576095581054688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.5044523477554321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5035375952720642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.41637110710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.06713977456092834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376108","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 11th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.01239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.01239","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.01239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3120349943","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.01239.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2101.01239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2101.01239","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2101.01239","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2101.01239","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2101.01239","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120349943.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3120349943.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2005956500","https://openalex.org/W2141350700","https://openalex.org/W2272847350","https://openalex.org/W2612824601","https://openalex.org/W2808769300","https://openalex.org/W2906836969","https://openalex.org/W2907931082","https://openalex.org/W2963090019","https://openalex.org/W2964303497","https://openalex.org/W2973449430","https://openalex.org/W3011422503","https://openalex.org/W3035602609","https://openalex.org/W3045409772","https://openalex.org/W3090710350"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3142143057","https://openalex.org/W3207010184","https://openalex.org/W3186799940","https://openalex.org/W3208927388","https://openalex.org/W2883361794","https://openalex.org/W2989050502","https://openalex.org/W2613648863","https://openalex.org/W3126430546","https://openalex.org/W2355715145","https://openalex.org/W1486687522","https://openalex.org/W3038789195","https://openalex.org/W2788278286","https://openalex.org/W2996793228","https://openalex.org/W2904036825","https://openalex.org/W3080282619","https://openalex.org/W3212630591","https://openalex.org/W3169602754","https://openalex.org/W3134348699","https://openalex.org/W2986389435","https://openalex.org/W3012663529"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"While":[0],"Radio":[1],"Frequency":[2],"Machine":[3],"Learning":[4],"(RFML)":[5],"is":[6,27],"expected":[7],"to":[8,20,49],"be":[9],"a":[10,17,47],"key":[11],"enabler":[12],"of":[13,24,30,41,57,76],"future":[14],"wireless":[15],"standards,":[16],"significant":[18],"challenge":[19],"the":[21,28,39,55,68,74,83],"widespread":[22],"adoption":[23],"RFML":[25],"techniques":[26],"lack":[29],"explainability":[31,86],"in":[32,54],"deep":[33,58],"learning":[34,59],"models.":[35],"This":[36],"work":[37],"investigates":[38],"use":[40],"Concept":[42],"Bottleneck":[43],"(CB)":[44],"models":[45],"as":[46],"means":[48],"provide":[50],"inherent":[51],"decision":[52],"explanations":[53],"context":[56],"(DL)-based":[60],"Automatic":[61],"Modulation":[62],"Classification":[63],"(AMC).":[64],"Results":[65],"show":[66],"that":[67],"proposed":[69],"approach":[70],"not":[71,94],"only":[72],"meets":[73],"performance":[75],"single-network":[77],"DL-based":[78],"AMC":[79],"algorithms,":[80],"but":[81],"provides":[82],"desired":[84],"model":[85],"and":[87],"shows":[88],"potential":[89],"for":[90],"classifying":[91],"modulation":[92],"schemes":[93],"seen":[95],"during":[96],"training":[97],"(i.e.":[98],"zero-shot":[99],"learning).":[100]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}