{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3136266880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376018","title":"Optic Disk Extraction and Hard Exudate Identification in Fundus Images using Computer Vision and Machine Learning","display_name":"Optic Disk Extraction and Hard Exudate Identification in Fundus Images using Computer Vision and Machine Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3136266880","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376018","mag":"3136266880"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376018","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 11th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039844468","display_name":"Sudhir Rao Rupanagudi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5921-4589"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sudhir Rao Rupanagudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111379147","display_name":"Varsha G. Bhat","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Varsha G Bhat","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031918048","display_name":"Bharath Kumar Revana","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bharath Kumar Revana","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042131785","display_name":"Jeevitha Gowda Chandramouli","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeevitha Gowda Chandramouli","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016225365","display_name":"Sheetal Devegowda","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sheetal Devegowda","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032977531","display_name":"G Darshan","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darshan G","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kaushik Kumaran","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaushik Kumaran","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046687803","display_name":"Niyatha Malepati","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niyatha Malepati","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055735276","display_name":"L Manjunath","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laveena Manjunath","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036184412","display_name":"N Shwetha","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shwetha N","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004637817","display_name":"Vaishnavi Ramsali","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaishnavi Ramsali","raw_affiliation_strings":["WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WorldServe Education, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075442089","display_name":"Vandana C Shekar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152191","display_name":"Global Academy of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03s37k362","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152191"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vandana C Shekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112548625","display_name":"M Tarun","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152191","display_name":"Global Academy of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03s37k362","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152191"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarun M V","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152191"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041957145","display_name":"Yamini Narayan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152191","display_name":"Global Academy of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03s37k362","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152191"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yamini Narayan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087647889","display_name":"S Sanjay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152191","display_name":"Global Academy of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03s37k362","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387152191"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanjay S","raw_affiliation_strings":["Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Global Academy of Technology, Bangalore, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387152191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":15,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039844468"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8356,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71902343,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":null,"first_page":"0655","last_page":"0661"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9771000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7117416858673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.7027332782745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6460536122322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-mellitus","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","score":0.5779197216033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5680121779441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.5610346794128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4532736837863922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4435338079929352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43142208456993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pandemic","display_name":"Pandemic","score":0.41241228580474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.4094892144203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3322465121746063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ophthalmology","display_name":"Ophthalmology","score":0.2977939248085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.27008751034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","score":0.23414301872253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09235873818397522}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7117416858673096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.7027332782745361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6460536122322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.5779197216033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5680121779441833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.5610346794128418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4532736837863922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4435338079929352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43142208456993103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89623803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12184","display_name":"Pandemic","level":5,"score":0.41241228580474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.4094892144203186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3322465121746063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.2977939248085022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.27008751034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3008058167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196","display_name":"Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)","level":4,"score":0.23414301872253418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09235873818397522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524204448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926","display_name":"Infectious disease (medical specialty)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376018","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc51732.2021.9376018","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 IEEE 11th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W171819928","https://openalex.org/W1091878006","https://openalex.org/W1538072185","https://openalex.org/W2030983425","https://openalex.org/W2085026516","https://openalex.org/W2154741421","https://openalex.org/W2542943690","https://openalex.org/W2561703362","https://openalex.org/W2595253847","https://openalex.org/W2734062957","https://openalex.org/W2736530511","https://openalex.org/W2828862258","https://openalex.org/W2889756777","https://openalex.org/W2896533921","https://openalex.org/W2902889369","https://openalex.org/W2907303834","https://openalex.org/W2907943516","https://openalex.org/W2911970391","https://openalex.org/W2912118048","https://openalex.org/W2912276275","https://openalex.org/W2939689626","https://openalex.org/W2942150858","https://openalex.org/W2944891925","https://openalex.org/W2946864864","https://openalex.org/W2952587153","https://openalex.org/W2955694708","https://openalex.org/W2955773374","https://openalex.org/W2964809459","https://openalex.org/W2994537602","https://openalex.org/W2995942064","https://openalex.org/W3002842489","https://openalex.org/W3005643343","https://openalex.org/W3005762692","https://openalex.org/W3011076246","https://openalex.org/W3011399613","https://openalex.org/W3046057073","https://openalex.org/W3088513017","https://openalex.org/W3169990819","https://openalex.org/W4240986128","https://openalex.org/W4249051250","https://openalex.org/W4322697885","https://openalex.org/W4362680522","https://openalex.org/W6631964708","https://openalex.org/W6796373441"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980571360","https://openalex.org/W3176448898","https://openalex.org/W4379115808","https://openalex.org/W3207986206","https://openalex.org/W2429379476","https://openalex.org/W1979866946","https://openalex.org/W4226141369","https://openalex.org/W2413307231","https://openalex.org/W4361800274","https://openalex.org/W4296525407"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,103,158],"past":[1],"decade":[2],"has":[3,15,38,46],"seen":[4],"a":[5,10,17,40,109,148,179],"surge":[6],"in":[7,24,48,51,116,141,161,185],"individuals":[8],"adopting":[9],"sedentary":[11],"lifestyle":[12],"and":[13,22,45,125,176,193],"this":[14,162],"increased":[16],"hundredfold":[18],"due":[19],"to":[20,107,112,133,151,155,172],"lockdowns":[21],"change":[23],"work":[25],"habits":[26],"because":[27],"of":[28,32,36,54,73,85,93,119,138,167,182],"the":[29,52,66,74,77,101,114,120,135,139],"ongoing":[30],"pandemic":[31],"CoVID-19.":[33],"This":[34,79],"lack":[35],"exercise":[37],"put":[39],"toll":[41],"on":[42,106,131],"people's":[43],"health":[44],"resulted":[47],"an":[49,165],"increase":[50],"prevalence":[53],"diseases":[55],"such":[56,83,142],"as":[57,88,97,144],"Diabetes":[58],"Mellitus.":[59],"Though":[60],"known":[61,87,96],"for":[62],"its":[63,188],"association":[64],"with":[65,187],"pancreas,":[67],"diabetes":[68,86],"also":[69,129,177],"affects":[70],"other":[71,173],"organs":[72],"body":[75],"including":[76],"eye.":[78,102],"paper":[80,104,163],"discusses":[81],"one":[82],"side-effect":[84],"Diabetic":[89],"Retinopathy,":[90],"wherein":[91],"deposition":[92],"lipids":[94],"(also":[95],"exudates)":[98],"occurs":[99],"within":[100],"goes":[105],"summarize":[108],"novel":[110],"approach":[111],"identify":[113],"same":[115],"fundus":[117],"images":[118,143],"eye":[121,140],"using":[122,197],"computer":[123],"vision":[124],"machine":[126],"learning.":[127],"It":[128],"elaborates":[130],"ways":[132],"eliminate":[134],"optic":[136],"disk":[137],"well,":[145],"which":[146],"is":[147],"vital":[149],"step":[150],"be":[152],"done":[153],"prior":[154],"exudate":[156],"identification.":[157],"algorithm":[159],"proposed":[160],"provides":[164],"accuracy":[166],"more":[168],"than":[169],"0.18%":[170],"compared":[171],"popular":[174],"algorithms":[175,194],"features":[178],"speed":[180],"improvement":[181],"1.82":[183],"times":[184],"comparison":[186],"predecessor":[189],"methodologies.":[190],"All":[191],"experiments":[192],"were":[195],"developed":[196],"MATLAB":[198],"R2017a.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
