{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3002672559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc47524.2020.9031160","title":"Autonomous Control of a Line Follower Robot Using a Q-Learning Controller","display_name":"Autonomous Control of a Line Follower Robot Using a Q-Learning Controller","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3002672559","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc47524.2020.9031160","mag":"3002672559"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc47524.2020.9031160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc47524.2020.9031160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498584","display_name":"2020 10th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 10th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.08841","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019644430","display_name":"Sepehr Saadatmand","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3408-3177"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sepehr Saadatmand","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of S&T, Rolla, Missouri, USA","Missouri University of S&T,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rolla,Missouri,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of S&T, Rolla, Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri University of S&T,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rolla,Missouri,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012842724","display_name":"Sima Azizi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sima Azizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of S&T, Rolla, Missouri, USA","Missouri University of S&T,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rolla,Missouri,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of S&T, Rolla, Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri University of S&T,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rolla,Missouri,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042273273","display_name":"Mohammadamir Kavousi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0706-3341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammadamir Kavousi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA","University of California, Riverside,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Riverside,California,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Riverside,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Riverside,California,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038037619","display_name":"Donald C. Wunsch","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9726-9051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20382870","display_name":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00scwqd12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donald Wunsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of S&T, Rolla, Missouri, USA","Missouri University of S&T,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rolla,Missouri,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Missouri University of S&T, Rolla, Missouri, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Missouri University of S&T,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Rolla,Missouri,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019644430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20382870"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9448,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71662763,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"0556","last_page":"0561"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12794","display_name":"Adaptive Dynamic Programming Control","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11749","display_name":"Iterative Learning Control Systems","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10040","display_name":"Adaptive Control of Nonlinear Systems","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.7290341854095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulated-annealing","display_name":"Simulated annealing","score":0.6606730222702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5695017576217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.569046676158905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5587194561958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.5163592100143433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3997468948364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3401963710784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3034253418445587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.28368082642555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.08168485760688782}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.7290341854095459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126980161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863783","display_name":"Simulated annealing","level":2,"score":0.6606730222702026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5695017576217651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.569046676158905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5587194561958313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.5163592100143433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3997468948364258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3401963710784912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3034253418445587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.28368082642555237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.08168485760688782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc47524.2020.9031160","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc47524.2020.9031160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498584","display_name":"2020 10th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 10th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2001.08841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08841","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.08841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3002672559","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.08841.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2001.08841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2001.08841","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2001.08841","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08841","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.08841","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3002672559.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3002672559.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1854776945","https://openalex.org/W2063507693","https://openalex.org/W2104492856","https://openalex.org/W2109469254","https://openalex.org/W2144801860","https://openalex.org/W2157626100","https://openalex.org/W2538160857","https://openalex.org/W2543333441","https://openalex.org/W2899256227","https://openalex.org/W3007234945","https://openalex.org/W3007304072","https://openalex.org/W3008016133","https://openalex.org/W3010984119","https://openalex.org/W3011120880","https://openalex.org/W3012328639","https://openalex.org/W6741863181","https://openalex.org/W6755772712","https://openalex.org/W6772943002","https://openalex.org/W6773665751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3012446265","https://openalex.org/W2094290165","https://openalex.org/W2364081147","https://openalex.org/W2175303094","https://openalex.org/W2521906176","https://openalex.org/W91697420","https://openalex.org/W2349245429","https://openalex.org/W747825265","https://openalex.org/W334316652","https://openalex.org/W3012509670","https://openalex.org/W1849518163","https://openalex.org/W2072812226","https://openalex.org/W2484589256","https://openalex.org/W2947169422","https://openalex.org/W3148738359","https://openalex.org/W1574217082","https://openalex.org/W2897455552","https://openalex.org/W2181727718","https://openalex.org/W2897576698","https://openalex.org/W2380623575"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,65,74,109],"paper,":[2,66],"a":[3,14,68],"MIMO":[4],"simulated":[5,104],"annealing":[6],"(SA)-based":[7],"Q-learning":[8,78,106],"method":[9,107],"is":[10,26,62,70],"proposed":[11,133],"to":[12,127],"control":[13],"line":[15],"follower":[16],"robot.":[17],"The":[18,56,76,103,120],"conventional":[19],"controller":[20,50,94],"for":[21,59],"these":[22],"types":[23],"of":[24,36,131],"robots":[25],"the":[27,32,37,60,85,93,113,117,129,132],"proportional":[28],"(P)":[29],"controller.":[30,134],"Considering":[31],"unknown":[33],"mechanical":[34],"characteristics":[35],"robot":[38,61],"and":[39,44,49,67,84,122],"uncertainties":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42],"friction":[43],"slippery":[45],"surfaces,":[46],"system":[47],"modeling":[48,58],"designing":[51],"can":[52,91],"be":[53],"extremely":[54],"challenging.":[55],"mathematical":[57],"presented":[63],"in":[64],"simulator":[69],"designed":[71],"based":[72,81],"on":[73],"model.":[75],"basic":[77],"methods":[79],"are":[80,125],"pure":[82],"exploitation":[83],"\u03b5-greedy":[86],"methods,":[87],"which":[88],"help":[89],"exploration,":[90],"harm":[92],"performance":[95],"after":[96],"learning":[97,118],"completion":[98],"by":[99,111],"exploring":[100],"nonoptimal":[101],"actions.":[102],"annealing-based":[105],"tackles":[108],"drawback":[110],"decreasing":[112],"exploration":[114],"rate":[115],"when":[116],"increases.":[119],"simulation":[121],"experimental":[123],"results":[124],"provided":[126],"evaluate":[128],"effectiveness":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}