{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2920931985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc.2019.8666620","title":"Musical Key Estimation with Unsupervised Pattern Recognition","display_name":"Musical Key Estimation with Unsupervised Pattern Recognition","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2920931985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc.2019.8666620","mag":"2920931985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc.2019.8666620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc.2019.8666620","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 9th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088054300","display_name":"Michael Finley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5547-5519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Finley","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011987346","display_name":"Abolfazl Razi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3330-6132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abolfazl Razi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088054300"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4976,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61108383,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"128","issue":null,"first_page":"0401","last_page":"0408"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11349","display_name":"Music Technology and Sound Studies","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7775017023086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5894514322280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5709664225578308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/music-information-retrieval","display_name":"Music information retrieval","score":0.5458437204360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5049007534980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.48889294266700745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.46493715047836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/musical","display_name":"Musical","score":0.17141389846801758}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7775017023086548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5894514322280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5709664225578308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777946086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163335","display_name":"Music information retrieval","level":3,"score":0.5458437204360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5049007534980774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.48889294266700745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.46493715047836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558565934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743","display_name":"Musical","level":2,"score":0.17141389846801758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccwc.2019.8666620","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccwc.2019.8666620","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE 9th Annual Computing and Communication Workshop and Conference (CCWC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6899999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62934727","https://openalex.org/W98493776","https://openalex.org/W166844666","https://openalex.org/W1528546819","https://openalex.org/W1542377715","https://openalex.org/W1556219185","https://openalex.org/W1561949603","https://openalex.org/W1584879639","https://openalex.org/W1585545034","https://openalex.org/W1597723231","https://openalex.org/W1686884809","https://openalex.org/W1786033384","https://openalex.org/W1956690825","https://openalex.org/W1975075983","https://openalex.org/W1993143622","https://openalex.org/W2024595034","https://openalex.org/W2033388440","https://openalex.org/W2036555953","https://openalex.org/W2042619428","https://openalex.org/W2042978954","https://openalex.org/W2054623822","https://openalex.org/W2063942134","https://openalex.org/W2097720264","https://openalex.org/W2126927171","https://openalex.org/W2129018774","https://openalex.org/W2130976598","https://openalex.org/W2131913731","https://openalex.org/W2133483410","https://openalex.org/W2138666690","https://openalex.org/W2150430918","https://openalex.org/W2165911145","https://openalex.org/W2168178024","https://openalex.org/W2178339699","https://openalex.org/W2240580723","https://openalex.org/W2261189189","https://openalex.org/W2287990885","https://openalex.org/W2319171828","https://openalex.org/W2405656250","https://openalex.org/W2792556305","https://openalex.org/W2796661808","https://openalex.org/W2802416084","https://openalex.org/W3102568015","https://openalex.org/W4246129869","https://openalex.org/W4300957348","https://openalex.org/W6603977465","https://openalex.org/W6606773126","https://openalex.org/W6631477257","https://openalex.org/W6632405293","https://openalex.org/W6635014169","https://openalex.org/W6635087301","https://openalex.org/W6635738272","https://openalex.org/W6678845575","https://openalex.org/W6681982009","https://openalex.org/W6690079499","https://openalex.org/W6692803299","https://openalex.org/W6696064336","https://openalex.org/W6785932716"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053269318","https://openalex.org/W2364370872","https://openalex.org/W2025614924","https://openalex.org/W2294335174","https://openalex.org/W2097963413","https://openalex.org/W3145575561","https://openalex.org/W2001275470","https://openalex.org/W2073996508","https://openalex.org/W1591475660","https://openalex.org/W2164162849"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Musical":[0],"key":[1,48,57],"estimation":[2,49],"is":[3],"an":[4,72],"important":[5],"area":[6],"of":[7,58,61,84,87,146,152,172,191,196,205],"music":[8,13,33,62,88],"information":[9],"retrieval":[10],"(MIR)":[11],"and":[12,18,26,30,81,122,155,162,167,209],"informatics":[14],"that":[15,51,94,128],"helps":[16],"musicians":[17],"data":[19,36,165,173],"analysts":[20],"to":[21,45,76,91,134,199],"more":[22,52,158],"precisely":[23],"interact":[24],"with":[25,202],"understand":[27],"modern,":[28],"classical,":[29],"marginal":[31],"population":[32],"from":[34],"a":[35,41,59,85,143,150],"analysis":[37],"standpoint.":[38],"We":[39,70],"propose":[40],"low-complexity":[42],"elegant":[43],"solution":[44],"the":[46,55,68,79,136,178,183,189,211],"musical":[47,56,138,164],"problem":[50],"efficiently":[53],"estimates":[54],"piece":[60,86],"than":[63],"previously":[64,200],"established":[65],"methods":[66,93],"in":[67,89,131,182,194],"literature.":[69,184],"employ":[71,95],"unsupervised":[73],"minimization":[74],"technique":[75],"determine":[77,135],"both":[78],"mode":[80],"tonic":[82],"center":[83],"contrast":[90],"previous":[92],"supervised":[96,179],"learning":[97,126,180],"techniques":[98,181],"such":[99],"as":[100,149],"multiple":[101,132],"classification":[102,197],"models,":[103,110],"support":[104],"vector":[105],"machines":[106],"(SVMs),":[107],"hidden":[108],"Markov":[109],"multinomial":[111],"linear":[112],"regressions,":[113],"artificial":[114],"neural":[115,119],"networks":[116,120],"(ANNs),":[117],"convolutional":[118],"(CNNs),":[121],"other":[123],"high-complexity":[124],"machine":[125],"algorithms":[127],"require":[129],"training":[130,215],"instances":[133],"embedded":[137],"keys.":[139],"Our":[140,185],"approach":[141],"has":[142],"larger":[144],"scope":[145],"possible":[147],"applications":[148],"result":[151],"its":[153],"simplicity":[154],"will":[156],"be":[157],"useful":[159],"for":[160,177,213],"obscure":[161],"archival":[163],"collection":[166],"analytics":[168],"where":[169],"large":[170,214],"amounts":[171],"are":[174],"not":[175],"available":[176],"comparative":[186],"results":[187],"confirm":[188],"comparability":[190],"our":[192],"method":[193],"terms":[195],"accuracy":[198],"reportedtechniques":[201],"two":[203],"advantages":[204],"lower":[206],"computational":[207],"complexity":[208],"eliminating":[210],"need":[212],"datasets.":[216]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
