{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402453391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccta60707.2024.10666631","title":"Physics-Constrained Neural Network-Based Load Torque Observer for Traction Electric Machine","display_name":"Physics-Constrained Neural Network-Based Load Torque Observer for Traction Electric Machine","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402453391","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccta60707.2024.10666631"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccta60707.2024.10666631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccta60707.2024.10666631","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006082734","display_name":"Ahmad Hussain Safder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9506-5856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Hussain Safder","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Columbus,OH,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Columbus,OH,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042489987","display_name":"Athar Hanif","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athar Hanif","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University,Center for Automotive Research,Columbus,OH,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University,Center for Automotive Research,Columbus,OH,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011151064","display_name":"Qadeer Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-8663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qadeer Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Ohio State University,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Columbus,OH,USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Ohio State University,Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering,Columbus,OH,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006082734"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12858038,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"114","last_page":"119"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10504","display_name":"Sensorless Control of Electric Motors","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10504","display_name":"Sensorless Control of Electric Motors","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13644","display_name":"Control Systems in Engineering","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.7457187175750732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6225086450576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traction","display_name":"Traction (geology)","score":0.591650664806366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traction-motor","display_name":"Traction motor","score":0.5681027173995972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observer","display_name":"Observer (physics)","score":0.5268370509147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-traction","display_name":"Electric traction","score":0.451900452375412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44653597474098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.43245774507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3734591007232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.36743873357772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.2780930697917938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.25721442699432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2520669400691986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.214788556098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.13619083166122437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.7457187175750732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6225086450576782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38834483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17000223","display_name":"Traction (geology)","level":2,"score":0.591650664806366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136269787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1392476","display_name":"Traction motor","level":2,"score":0.5681027173995972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5268370509147644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984018022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388201","display_name":"Electric traction","level":2,"score":0.451900452375412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44653597474098206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.43245774507522583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3734591007232666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.36743873357772827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.2780930697917938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.25721442699432373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2520669400691986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.214788556098938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.13619083166122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccta60707.2024.10666631","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccta60707.2024.10666631","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8199999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987688720","https://openalex.org/W2057491769","https://openalex.org/W2500786577","https://openalex.org/W2772581550","https://openalex.org/W2973863390","https://openalex.org/W2994279883","https://openalex.org/W2996918540","https://openalex.org/W3197852435","https://openalex.org/W4378843238","https://openalex.org/W4380237914","https://openalex.org/W4383748354","https://openalex.org/W4391969228"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076928487","https://openalex.org/W2383559070","https://openalex.org/W4377972159","https://openalex.org/W2091023700","https://openalex.org/W4255955294","https://openalex.org/W2735335194","https://openalex.org/W2520662741","https://openalex.org/W2375633537","https://openalex.org/W2766697266","https://openalex.org/W4213308664"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"torque":[1,7,24,57,73,77,82,91,99],"observer":[2,58,78,92,100,110],"is":[3,106,111,137],"essential":[4],"to":[5],"prevent":[6],"derating":[8],"under":[9],"thermal":[10,41],"stress.":[11],"It":[12],"accurately":[13,79],"monitors":[14],"the":[15,35,52,123,126,130,133],"traction":[16,103],"Electric":[17],"Machine":[18],"(EM)":[19],"operating":[20],"temperature":[21,30,86],"and":[22,45,113],"adjusts":[23],"estimation":[25],"accordingly.":[26],"By":[27],"accounting":[28,84],"for":[29,85,101],"variations,":[31],"it":[32],"ensures":[33],"that":[34],"EM":[36,81],"operates":[37],"within":[38],"its":[39,116],"safe":[40],"limits,":[42],"preventing":[43],"overheating":[44],"maintaining":[46],"consistent":[47],"performance.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"compares":[51],"design":[53],"of":[54,97,118,132],"a":[55,61,67],"load":[56],"based":[59,72,90],"on":[60],"physics-constrained":[62],"neural":[63,69,135],"network":[64,70,136],"(PCNN)":[65],"with":[66],"classical":[68,134],"(NN)":[71],"observer.":[74],"The":[75,108],"PCNN-based":[76],"estimates":[80],"while":[83],"effects":[87],"but":[88],"NN":[89],"fails.":[93],"Furthermore,":[94],"stability":[95],"analysis":[96],"PCNN":[98],"electric":[102],"machine":[104],"control":[105],"established.":[107],"proposed":[109],"validated":[112],"results":[114],"show":[115],"accuracy":[117,131],"about":[119],"98%":[120],"which":[121],"remains":[122],"same":[124],"in":[125],"validation":[127],"process":[128],"whereas":[129],"affected":[138],"by":[139],"parameter":[140],"variation.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}