{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2992020006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccta.2019.8920609","title":"Velocity Profile optimization of an Electric Vehicle (EV) with Battery Constraint Using Pontryagin\u2019s Minimum Principle (PMP)","display_name":"Velocity Profile optimization of an Electric Vehicle (EV) with Battery Constraint Using Pontryagin\u2019s Minimum Principle (PMP)","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2992020006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccta.2019.8920609","mag":"2992020006"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccta.2019.8920609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccta.2019.8920609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498490","display_name":"2019 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021191286","display_name":"Hafiz Muhammad Yasir Naeem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9392-4461"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088086","display_name":"Capital University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/004776246","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hafiz Muhammad Yasir Naeem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Controls and Signal Processing Research Group (CASPR), Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Controls and Signal Processing Research Group (CASPR), Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050766329","display_name":"Aamer Iqbal Bhatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3373-3388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088086","display_name":"Capital University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/004776246","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aamer Iqbal Bhatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Controls and Signal Processing Research Group (CASPR), Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Controls and Signal Processing Research Group (CASPR), Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102801703","display_name":"Yasir Awais Butt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4927-8313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088086","display_name":"Capital University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/004776246","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasir Awais Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Controls and Signal Processing Research Group (CASPR), Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Controls and Signal Processing Research Group (CASPR), Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011151064","display_name":"Qadeer Ahmed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-8663"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52357470","display_name":"The Ohio State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00rs6vg23","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qadeer Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Automotive Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio State, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Automotive Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio State, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52357470"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021191286"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210088086"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2044,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75391477,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"750","last_page":"755"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.7492547631263733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-range","display_name":"Driving range","score":0.7029933929443359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6253228187561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.5726366639137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.534966766834259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.5344858169555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4801692068576813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.46892741322517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.4681651294231415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.43880656361579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-efficiency","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","score":0.43338748812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4329875409603119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/driving-cycle","display_name":"Driving cycle","score":0.4285475015640259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-dynamics","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","score":0.424500048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-electric-vehicle","display_name":"Battery electric vehicle","score":0.4224492609500885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.41825875639915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.39078208804130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3613821864128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.26257234811782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.22274309396743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.15547236800193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12474170327186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.09919849038124084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07505133748054504}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.7492547631263733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780847881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3177122","display_name":"Driving range","level":4,"score":0.7029933929443359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6253228187561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.5726366639137268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.534966766834259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.5344858169555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4801692068576813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.46892741322517395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.4681651294231415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.43880656361579895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.43338748812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4329875409603119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169042556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16246150","display_name":"Driving cycle","level":4,"score":0.4285475015640259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.424500048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110069716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076882","display_name":"Battery electric vehicle","level":4,"score":0.4224492609500885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.41825875639915466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39078208804130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3613821864128113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.26257234811782837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.22274309396743774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.15547236800193787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12474170327186584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.09919849038124084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07505133748054504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccta.2019.8920609","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccta.2019.8920609","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306498490","display_name":"2019 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications (CCTA)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574514837","https://openalex.org/W1584565853","https://openalex.org/W1963920881","https://openalex.org/W1967167466","https://openalex.org/W2005103999","https://openalex.org/W2006651289","https://openalex.org/W2033472041","https://openalex.org/W2061219635","https://openalex.org/W2067457993","https://openalex.org/W2077160712","https://openalex.org/W2090715271","https://openalex.org/W2110895314","https://openalex.org/W2158658492","https://openalex.org/W2165579389","https://openalex.org/W2319252431","https://openalex.org/W2397925990","https://openalex.org/W2605614589","https://openalex.org/W2785605326","https://openalex.org/W6634945304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2964627364","https://openalex.org/W2953556981","https://openalex.org/W4210323698","https://openalex.org/W4312801853","https://openalex.org/W4327545682","https://openalex.org/W4294761401","https://openalex.org/W3114874629","https://openalex.org/W4236270139","https://openalex.org/W4352997040","https://openalex.org/W2746538208"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"vehicles":[1,23],"(EVs)":[2],"powered":[3],"by":[4],"electric":[5,22],"motors":[6],"and":[7,156,168,179,190,244],"batteries":[8],"have":[9,212],"solved":[10,47,160],"the":[11,15,32,40,71,81,101,113,119,141,150,204,208,247],"issues":[12],"related":[13],"to":[14,31,61,104,117,148],"environmental":[16],"pollution.":[17],"The":[18,210],"major":[19],"concern":[20],"with":[21,76,125,136,237],"is":[24,29,59,103,115,159,183,217],"their":[25],"short":[26],"range,":[27],"which":[28,56],"due":[30],"limited":[33],"capacity":[34],"of":[35,84,122,171,176,193,207,225,246],"a":[36,57,63,85,172,177,196],"battery":[37,86,123,131,151,238,248,251],"installed":[38],"in":[39,55,201,223,233,241],"system.":[41],"Limited":[42],"range":[43],"issue":[44],"can":[45],"be":[46],"or":[48],"minimized":[49],"through":[50],"eco-driving;":[51],"an":[52,77,96,229],"optimization":[53],"technique":[54],"driver":[58],"advised":[60],"follow":[62],"velocity":[64,175,188],"profile":[65],"that":[66,200,214],"consumes":[67],"minimum":[68,163],"energy.":[69],"In":[70,110],"recent":[72],"past,":[73],"eco-driving":[74],"problem":[75,91],"online":[78],"requirement":[79],"using":[80,161],"static":[82],"model":[83],"has":[87,92],"been":[88,93],"discussed.":[89],"Eco-driving":[90],"formulated":[94],"as":[95],"optimal":[97],"control":[98],"problem,":[99],"where":[100,166],"goal":[102,114],"minimize":[105,203],"vehicle":[106,137,178],"power":[107,126],"consumption":[108,206,227],"only.":[109],"this":[111,129],"work,":[112],"extended":[116],"increase":[118,140],"life":[120,143],"cycle":[121,144],"along":[124,135],"consumption.":[127],"For":[128],"purpose,":[130],"dynamics":[132],"are":[133,146,198],"included":[134],"dynamics.":[138],"To":[139],"battery's":[142],"constraints":[145,239],"applied":[147],"avoid":[149],"from":[152],"getting":[153],"fully":[154],"charged":[155],"discharged.":[157],"Problem":[158],"pontryagin's":[162],"principle":[164],"(PMP),":[165],"initial":[167,174],"final":[169],"position":[170],"vehicle,":[173],"total":[180],"trip":[181,197],"time":[182],"fixed.":[184],"Optimal":[185],"torque,":[186],"optimized":[187],"trajectory":[189],"constrained":[191,215],"state":[192],"charge":[194],"during":[195],"generated":[199],"turn":[202],"energy":[205,226,234],"battery.":[209],"results":[211],"shown":[213],"case":[216],"approximately":[218],"7":[219],"percent":[220],"more":[221],"efficient":[222],"terms":[224],"than":[228],"unconstrained":[230],"case.":[231],"Reduction":[232],"consumption,":[235],"coupled":[236],"result":[240],"proper":[242],"charging":[243],"discharging":[245],"thereby":[249],"extending":[250],"life.":[252]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}