{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2062703747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccst.2011.6095943","title":"Preventing replay attacks on speaker verification systems","display_name":"Preventing replay attacks on speaker verification systems","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2062703747","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccst.2011.6095943","mag":"2062703747"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccst.2011.6095943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccst.2011.6095943","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 Carnahan Conference on Security Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057010207","display_name":"Jes\u00fas Villalba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9459-8426"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260899","display_name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda de Arag\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/04eqgej32","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318","https://openalex.org/I4405260899"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Villalba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Technology Group (GTC), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Spain","Communications Technology Group (GTC), Arag\u00f2n Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Technology Group (GTC), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318","https://openalex.org/I4405260899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Technology Group (GTC), Arag\u00f2n Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036493563","display_name":"Eduardo Lleida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9137-4013"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I255234318","display_name":"Universidad de Zaragoza","ror":"https://ror.org/012a91z28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260899","display_name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ingenier\u00eda de Arag\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/04eqgej32","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I255234318","https://openalex.org/I4405260899"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Lleida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communications Technology Group (GTC), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Spain","Communications Technology Group (GTC), Arag\u00f2n Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Technology Group (GTC), Aragon Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318","https://openalex.org/I4405260899"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communications Technology Group (GTC), Arag\u00f2n Institute for Engineering Research (I3A), University of Zaragoza, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I255234318"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9675,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92168631,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.9118683338165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8501237630844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microphone","display_name":"Microphone","score":0.6234059929847717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replay-attack","display_name":"Replay attack","score":0.6213966608047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.6107956171035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handset","display_name":"Handset","score":0.5930795669555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gsm","display_name":"GSM","score":0.5613580346107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loudspeaker","display_name":"Loudspeaker","score":0.5222724080085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mel-frequency-cepstrum","display_name":"Mel-frequency cepstrum","score":0.5160379409790039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-time-warping","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","score":0.5085777044296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.4924868047237396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speaker-recognition","display_name":"Speaker recognition","score":0.451643705368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3120270073413849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.29094743728637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.2594066262245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.20191389322280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10070937871932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.08945596218109131}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.9118683338165283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8501237630844116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384","display_name":"Microphone","level":3,"score":0.6234059929847717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.6213966608047485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.6107956171035767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779971919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1378949","display_name":"Handset","level":2,"score":0.5930795669555664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59201141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46904","display_name":"GSM","level":2,"score":0.5613580346107483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157138929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570","display_name":"Loudspeaker","level":2,"score":0.5222724080085754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151989614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440370","display_name":"Mel-frequency cepstrum","level":3,"score":0.5160379409790039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.5085777044296265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.4924868047237396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133892786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1145189","display_name":"Speaker recognition","level":2,"score":0.451643705368042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3120270073413849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.29094743728637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2594066262245178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.20191389322280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10070937871932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.08945596218109131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68115822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068172","display_name":"Sound pressure","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccst.2011.6095943","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccst.2011.6095943","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 Carnahan Conference on Security Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5699999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1578856370","https://openalex.org/W1596996860","https://openalex.org/W1707026573","https://openalex.org/W2041823554","https://openalex.org/W2136879537","https://openalex.org/W2148154194","https://openalex.org/W2161556939","https://openalex.org/W2162969672","https://openalex.org/W2170065313","https://openalex.org/W2397634864","https://openalex.org/W3120421331","https://openalex.org/W6712325649"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2335896301","https://openalex.org/W2012393389","https://openalex.org/W2333240621","https://openalex.org/W2547760228","https://openalex.org/W3006618853","https://openalex.org/W2253066076","https://openalex.org/W2121182939","https://openalex.org/W3007059209","https://openalex.org/W2295636786","https://openalex.org/W2836844603"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,172,230],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,40,71,120],"describe":[4],"a":[5,23,49,61,65,93,136],"system":[6,199],"for":[7,105,171,195,212],"detecting":[8,29],"spoofing":[9,18,197,239],"attacks":[10,100],"on":[11,28,60,221],"speaker":[12,223],"verification":[13,224],"systems.":[14],"We":[15,26,164,188,205,217],"understand":[16],"as":[17],"the":[19,37,45,54,68,76,89,115,126,148,154,192,201,214,219,222,227,238],"fact":[20],"of":[21,32,53,99,102,118,153,184,191,203,229,232],"impersonating":[22],"legitimate":[24],"user.":[25],"focus":[27],"two":[30,168],"types":[31],"low":[33],"technology":[34],"spoofs.":[35],"On":[36,67],"one":[38],"side,":[39,70],"try":[41],"to":[42,73,87,110,236,241],"expose":[43],"if":[44,75],"test":[46,157],"segment":[47],"is":[48,101,145],"far-field":[50],"microphone":[51],"recording":[52,77],"victim":[55],"that":[56,243],"has":[57,78],"been":[58,79],"replayed":[59],"telephone":[62,182],"handset":[63],"using":[64,135,159,167],"loudspeaker.":[66],"other":[69],"want":[72],"determine":[74],"created":[80,170],"by":[81,92],"cutting":[82],"and":[83,130,143,150,156,180,200,234],"pasting":[84],"short":[85],"recordings":[86],"forge":[88],"sentence":[90],"requested":[91],"text":[94],"dependent":[95],"system.":[96],"This":[97],"kind":[98,231],"critical":[103],"importance":[104],"security":[106],"applications":[107],"like":[108],"access":[109],"bank":[111],"accounts.":[112],"To":[113],"detect":[114],"first":[116],"type":[117],"spoof":[119],"extract":[121],"several":[122],"acoustic":[123],"features":[124],"from":[125,177],"speech":[127],"signal.":[128],"Spoofs":[129],"non-spoof":[131],"segments":[132,158],"are":[133],"classified":[134],"support":[137],"vector":[138],"machine":[139],"(SVM).":[140],"The":[141],"cut":[142],"paste":[144],"detected":[146],"comparing":[147],"pitch":[149],"MFCC":[151],"contours":[152],"enrollment":[155],"dynamic":[160],"time":[161],"warping":[162],"(DTW).":[163],"performed":[165],"experiments":[166],"databases":[169],"purpose.":[173],"They":[174],"include":[175],"signals":[176],"land":[178],"line":[179],"GSM":[181],"channels":[183],"20":[185],"different":[186],"speakers.":[187],"present":[189],"results":[190],"performance":[193,225],"separately":[194],"each":[196],"detection":[198,240],"fusion":[202],"both.":[204],"have":[206],"achieved":[207],"error":[208],"rates":[209],"under":[210],"10%":[211],"all":[213],"conditions":[215],"evaluated.":[216],"show":[218],"degradation":[220],"in":[226],"presence":[228],"attack":[233],"how":[235],"use":[237],"mitigate":[242],"degradation.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
