{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2030506319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccst.2011.6095881","title":"Does the application of virtually merged images influence the effectiveness of computer-based training in x-ray screening?","display_name":"Does the application of virtually merged images influence the effectiveness of computer-based training in x-ray screening?","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2030506319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccst.2011.6095881","mag":"2030506319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccst.2011.6095881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccst.2011.6095881","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 Carnahan Conference on Security Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023132264","display_name":"Marcia Mendes","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2972652528","display_name":"FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/04mq2g308","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marcia Mendes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Brugg-Windisch, AG, CH","University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW) School of Applied Psychology (APS) Institute Humans in Complex Systems (MikS), Riggenbachstrasse 16, 4600 Olten Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Brugg-Windisch, AG, CH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW) School of Applied Psychology (APS) Institute Humans in Complex Systems (MikS), Riggenbachstrasse 16, 4600 Olten Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071153707","display_name":"Adrian Schwaninger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7753-106X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2972652528","display_name":"FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/04mq2g308","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Schwaninger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Brugg-Windisch, AG, CH","University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW) School of Applied Psychology (APS) Institute Humans in Complex Systems (MikS), Riggenbachstrasse 16, 4600 Olten Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Brugg-Windisch, AG, CH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW) School of Applied Psychology (APS) Institute Humans in Complex Systems (MikS), Riggenbachstrasse 16, 4600 Olten Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003387618","display_name":"Stefan Michel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4061-849X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2972652528","display_name":"FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/04mq2g308","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Michel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Brugg-Windisch, AG, CH","University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW) School of Applied Psychology (APS) Institute Humans in Complex Systems (MikS), Riggenbachstrasse 16, 4600 Olten Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, Brugg-Windisch, AG, CH","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW) School of Applied Psychology (APS) Institute Humans in Complex Systems (MikS), Riggenbachstrasse 16, 4600 Olten Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2972652528"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7152,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63095876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7327451705932617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","score":0.5940147638320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.49817752838134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4723944365978241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4687395691871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4603251516819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4520920217037201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3699650764465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3610232472419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.35926514863967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33760690689086914}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7327451705932617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5940147638320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.49817752838134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4723944365978241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4687395691871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4603251516819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4520920217037201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3699650764465332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3610232472419739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.35926514863967896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33760690689086914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccst.2011.6095881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccst.2011.6095881","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 Carnahan Conference on Security Technology","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W78655146","https://openalex.org/W1508004035","https://openalex.org/W1576543033","https://openalex.org/W1579008833","https://openalex.org/W1940176186","https://openalex.org/W1991170850","https://openalex.org/W1995677537","https://openalex.org/W2031050189","https://openalex.org/W2041046917","https://openalex.org/W2077896808","https://openalex.org/W2080005192","https://openalex.org/W2087977368","https://openalex.org/W2097275736","https://openalex.org/W2101446054","https://openalex.org/W2103026548","https://openalex.org/W2104532509","https://openalex.org/W2107031757","https://openalex.org/W2296446356","https://openalex.org/W2790937632","https://openalex.org/W2994462557","https://openalex.org/W3029243305","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4298331758","https://openalex.org/W4300870773","https://openalex.org/W6603213564","https://openalex.org/W6634401508","https://openalex.org/W6674866236","https://openalex.org/W6697313388","https://openalex.org/W6771258847","https://openalex.org/W6778319863","https://openalex.org/W6922524319"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W230091440","https://openalex.org/W2032233321","https://openalex.org/W3121970507","https://openalex.org/W2110028391","https://openalex.org/W54497855","https://openalex.org/W217960748","https://openalex.org/W3125814499","https://openalex.org/W2090827041","https://openalex.org/W2233261550","https://openalex.org/W2094012830"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,88,194,312],"necessity":[1],"of":[2,18,30,77,85,90,100,114,185,196,249,257,263,277,290,307,392,397],"computer":[3,60],"based":[4,61],"training":[5,62,150,301],"for":[6,273,341,363],"airport":[7],"security":[8,40,235],"screening":[9,46],"officers":[10,47],"to":[11,34,44,53,125,137,170,191,200,254,297],"achieve":[12],"and":[13,51,110,119,128,227,347],"maintain":[14],"a":[15,49,70,97,187,230],"high":[16,326],"level":[17],"x-ray":[19,28,83,403],"image":[20,92],"interpretation":[21],"competency":[22],"is":[23,94],"well-known.":[24],"During":[25],"such":[26,64,186],"training,":[27],"images":[29,76,84,103,133,153,165,248,266,279,387,404],"passenger":[31,86,250],"bags,":[32],"similar":[33],"how":[35],"they":[36,212],"appear":[37,213],"at":[38,233,243],"the":[39,45,112,141,145,149,156,160,164,180,182,234,274,278,287,291,298,304,308,323,331,342,348,364,385,390,395],"checkpoint,":[41],"are":[42,206,216,379],"presented":[43,253],"on":[48,140,163,384],"screen":[50],"have":[52,190],"be":[54,108,123,179,192],"judged":[55],"regarding":[56],"their":[57],"contents.":[58],"Certain":[59],"systems,":[63],"as":[65,229],"X-Ray":[66],"Tutor":[67],"(XRT),":[68],"apply":[69],"special":[71],"algorithm":[72],"that":[73,95,205,373],"automatically":[74],"merges":[75],"fictional":[78],"threat":[79,172,203,221,260,265,280,293,345,351,367,399],"items":[80,173,204,222,281,294,309,346,352,400],"(FTIs)":[81],"into":[82,209,286],"bags.":[87,288],"advantage":[89],"virtual":[91,270],"merging":[93,132,377],"a)":[96],"huge":[98],"variety":[99],"different":[101,105,244],"bag":[102,120],"containing":[104],"threats":[106,115],"can":[107,122,135],"created,":[109],"b)":[111],"difficulty":[113],"(e.g.":[116],"viewpoint,":[117],"superposition":[118],"complexity)":[121],"adapted":[124],"individual":[126],"performance":[127,328,340,358],"learning":[129],"progress.":[130],"However,":[131,333],"virtually":[134,207,343],"lead":[136],"artifacts":[138,162,382],"appearing":[139,383],"resulting":[142,161],"pictures.":[143],"Therefore,":[144],"question":[146],"arises":[147],"if":[148,159],"with":[151,241],"merged":[152,208,344],"actually":[154,166],"reflects":[155],"reality":[157],"or":[158],"make":[167],"it":[168],"easier":[169],"detect":[171],"during":[174,214],"training.":[175],"If":[176],"this":[177,197],"would":[178,189],"case,":[181],"actual":[183],"effectiveness":[184,391],"CBT":[188,393],"questioned.":[193],"aim":[195],"study":[198,314],"was":[199,239,315,359],"investigate":[201],"whether":[202],"bags":[210,226,251],"(as":[211],"training),":[215],"detected":[217],"more":[218],"easily":[219],"than":[220],"physically":[223,285,349,365],"embedded":[224,350,366],"in":[225,330,338,401],"x-rayed":[228],"whole":[231],"(like":[232],"checkpoint).":[236],"A":[237],"test":[238,386],"conducted":[240],"screeners":[242,299,324],"international":[245],"airports.":[246],"256":[247],"were":[252,267,295,310,353],"screeners,":[255],"128":[256],"them":[258],"contained":[259],"items.":[261,368],"Half":[262,289],"these":[264],"created":[268],"through":[269],"merging,":[271],"while":[272],"other":[275,305],"half":[276,306],"had":[282],"been":[283],"placed":[284],"used":[292],"familiar":[296],"from":[300],"(XRT-library),":[302],"whereas":[303],"new.":[311],"same":[313],"replicated":[316],"one":[317],"year":[318],"later.":[319],"In":[320,355,369],"both":[321],"studies,":[322],"achieved":[325],"detection":[327,339,357,396],"scores":[329],"test.":[332],"only":[334],"very":[335],"small":[336,381],"differences":[337],"found.":[354],"fact,":[356],"even":[360],"slightly":[361],"higher":[362],"summary,":[370],"results":[371],"imply":[372],"when":[374],"well":[375],"elaborated":[376],"algorithms":[378],"used,":[380],"influence":[388],"neither":[389],"nor":[394],"real":[398,402],"negatively.":[405]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
