{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127582492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366513","title":"VirtShield: A Security Evaluation Framework for Virtualized and Containerized Systems","display_name":"VirtShield: A Security Evaluation Framework for Virtualized and Containerized Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127582492","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366513"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366513","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 23rd Consumer Communications &amp;amp; Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103098256","display_name":"Faiz Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4045-7281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faiz Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124976679","display_name":"Mohammed Mubeen Mifthak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Mubeen Mifthak","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104123918","display_name":"Sahil Purohit","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sahil Purohit","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124979370","display_name":"Md Shadab","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Shadab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Arizona State University,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Arizona State University,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112358596","display_name":"Gregory Byrd","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory T. Byrd","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078662604","display_name":"Khaled Harfoush","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Harfoush","raw_affiliation_strings":["North Carolina State University,USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"North Carolina State University,USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.5563,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97942235,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.8910999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.8910999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.02800000086426735,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.017999999225139618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypervisor","display_name":"Hypervisor","score":0.7666000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.758899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.6978999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-machine","display_name":"Virtual machine","score":0.64410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-virtualization","display_name":"Hardware virtualization","score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-virtualization","display_name":"Application virtualization","score":0.3630000054836273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7932999730110168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112904061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1077480","display_name":"Hypervisor","level":4,"score":0.7666000127792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.758899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.6978999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25344961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192726","display_name":"Virtual machine","level":2,"score":0.64410001039505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.5587000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68793194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1616095","display_name":"Hardware virtualization","level":5,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.4269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.41769999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13062989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q651531","display_name":"Application virtualization","level":5,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553261973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14579","display_name":"Linux kernel","level":2,"score":0.3440000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775877400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142183","display_name":"User space","level":2,"score":0.2915000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14645","display_name":"Rootkit","level":3,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22502294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17149844","display_name":"Service virtualization","level":5,"score":0.2831000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.27869999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.27639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780264999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445032","display_name":"Security domain","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47878483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848333","display_name":"Full virtualization","level":4,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195518309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13424265","display_name":"Security testing","level":5,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2587999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.2542000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.25060001015663147}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366513","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366513","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 23rd Consumer Communications &amp;amp; Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6615027785301208,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016752183","https://openalex.org/W2128686420","https://openalex.org/W2144255176","https://openalex.org/W2163896524","https://openalex.org/W2164719993","https://openalex.org/W2569031618","https://openalex.org/W2782818391","https://openalex.org/W2790466674","https://openalex.org/W2888978375","https://openalex.org/W2963877979","https://openalex.org/W3128490334"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtualization":[0],"is":[1,11,29,190],"a":[2,27,149],"foundational":[3],"technology":[4],"in":[5,75,108,179,230],"modern":[6],"cloud":[7,115],"computing.":[8],"However,":[9,160],"it":[10],"subject":[12],"to":[13,83,89,143,155,192,205],"security":[14,36,52,73,106,120,232],"threats":[15],"such":[16,54],"as":[17,55,167,239,241],"malicious":[18],"co-located":[19],"tenants,":[20],"hypervisor":[21],"vulnerabilities,":[22],"and":[23,34,46,61,78,87,110,124,236,244],"side-channel":[24],"attacks.":[25],"Such":[26],"threat":[28],"countered":[30],"by":[31],"deploying":[32],"advanced":[33,72,119],"complex":[35],"solutions":[37],"that":[38,112,137],"have":[39],"significant":[40],"performance":[41,59,130],"overhead.Prior":[42],"work":[43],"on":[44],"VMs":[45,109,141,161,201,215],"containers":[47,111,138],"has":[48],"mainly":[49],"evaluated":[50],"basic":[51],"solutions,":[53],"firewalls,":[56],"using":[57],"narrow":[58],"metrics":[60,131],"synthetic":[62],"models":[63],"within":[64],"limited":[65],"evaluation":[66,135],"frameworks.":[67],"These":[68,225],"studies":[69],"often":[70],"overlook":[71],"modules":[74,121],"both":[76],"user":[77,123,235],"kernel":[79,125,172,237],"space,":[80,126,238],"lack":[81],"flexibility":[82],"incorporate":[84],"emerging":[85],"features,":[86],"fail":[88],"capture":[90],"detailed":[91],"system-level":[92,129],"impacts.":[93],"To":[94],"address":[95],"these":[96],"gaps,":[97],"we":[98],"present":[99],"VirtShield,":[100],"an":[101],"open-source":[102],"framework":[103],"for":[104,132,158,164],"unified":[105],"testing":[107],"mimics":[113],"realistic":[114],"infrastructures.":[116],"VirtShield":[117],"supports":[118],"across":[122,242],"providing":[127],"rich,":[128],"comprehensive":[133],"evaluation.Our":[134],"shows":[136],"generally":[139],"outperform":[140,202],"due":[142,204],"their":[144],"lower":[145],"virtualization":[146],"overhead,":[147],"achieving":[148],"throughput":[150],"of":[151,208],"9.38":[152],"Gb/s":[153,157],"compared":[154],"1.98":[156],"VMs.":[159],"are":[162],"comparable":[163,191],"kernel-space":[165],"deployments,":[166],"Docker":[168,174,193,203],"utilizes":[169],"the":[170,206],"shared":[171],"space":[173],"bridge,":[175],"which":[176],"can":[177],"result":[178],"packet":[180],"congestion.":[181],"In":[182,196],"latency-sensitive":[183],"workloads,":[184],"VM":[185],"access":[186],"latency":[187],"(14.91":[188],"ms)":[189],"(12.86":[194],"ms).":[195],"storage":[197],"benchmarks":[198],"(FIO),":[199],"however,":[200],"overhead":[207],"Docker\u2019s":[209],"layered,":[210],"copy-on-write":[211],"file":[212],"system,":[213],"whereas":[214],"leverage":[216],"optimized":[217],"virtual":[218],"block":[219],"devices":[220],"with":[221],"near-native":[222],"I/O":[223],"performance.":[224],"results":[226],"highlight":[227],"essential":[228],"trade-offs":[229],"partitioning":[231],"workloads":[233],"between":[234],"well":[240],"containerized":[243],"virtualized":[245],"environments.":[246]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-06T00:00:00"}
