{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7127650099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366303","title":"Quantum-Safe and Cross-Layer Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Smart Grid Communications","display_name":"Quantum-Safe and Cross-Layer Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Smart Grid Communications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7127650099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366303"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366303","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 23rd Consumer Communications &amp;amp; Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085539430","display_name":"Cong Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7952-0038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oklahoma State University,Department of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA,74078"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University,Department of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA,74078","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125047729","display_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Bilal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Abdullah Bilal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oklahoma State University,Department of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA,74078"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oklahoma State University,Department of Computer Science,Stillwater,OK,USA,74078","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125063329","display_name":"Sunho Lim","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12315562","display_name":"Texas Tech University","ror":"https://ror.org/0405mnx93","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunho Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Tech University,Department of Computer Science,Lubbock,TX,USA,79409"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Tech University,Department of Computer Science,Lubbock,TX,USA,79409","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12315562"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"6"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8981999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.8981999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.020500000566244125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.01769999973475933,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6223000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5264000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-protocol","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session-key","display_name":"Session key","score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-agreement-protocol","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4377000033855438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6535999774932861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6223000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5264000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.5145999789237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5047000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.486299991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191197275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755775","display_name":"Session key","level":3,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135530808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306713","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","level":5,"score":0.4648999869823456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.43959999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4377000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151423352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5154228","display_name":"Communications security","level":3,"score":0.4244999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4066999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187713609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2465461","display_name":"Default gateway","level":2,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C510870077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444868","display_name":"Secure communication","level":3,"score":0.34940001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.34459999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779510800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630602","display_name":"Smart meter","level":3,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.322299987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165751822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894118","display_name":"Universal composability","level":4,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17886624","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1320561","display_name":"Key management","level":3,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50230483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2108226","display_name":"Pre-shared key","level":5,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124086997","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4053131","display_name":"Wide Mouth Frog protocol","level":5,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130881749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586894","display_name":"Security association","level":5,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184660509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462624","display_name":"Shared secret","level":3,"score":0.250900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167615521","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048911","display_name":"Elliptic curve cryptography","level":4,"score":0.2508000135421753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ccnc65079.2026.11366303","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2026 IEEE 23rd Consumer Communications &amp;amp; Networking Conference (CCNC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7989693284034729,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2008668719","https://openalex.org/W2390048611","https://openalex.org/W2904756156","https://openalex.org/W2911981000","https://openalex.org/W3005367885","https://openalex.org/W3202959585","https://openalex.org/W3213553527","https://openalex.org/W3215772809","https://openalex.org/W4225308624","https://openalex.org/W4313591700","https://openalex.org/W4317598152","https://openalex.org/W4381786208","https://openalex.org/W4387609274","https://openalex.org/W4387624009","https://openalex.org/W4388119695","https://openalex.org/W4390113671","https://openalex.org/W4390577968","https://openalex.org/W4391235298","https://openalex.org/W4391877019","https://openalex.org/W4393140444","https://openalex.org/W4396920274","https://openalex.org/W4399526012","https://openalex.org/W4400679715","https://openalex.org/W4404037029"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122,157],"extensive":[1],"value":[2],"and":[3,29,37,49,66,93,96,115,119,142,151,179,186,210],"importance":[4],"of":[5,22,31,58,112,159],"smart":[6,32,53,105,144],"grids":[7],"are":[8,70,77],"evident":[9],"in":[10,176,208],"their":[11],"transformative":[12],"impact":[13],"on":[14,47],"sustainable":[15],"urban":[16],"development.":[17],"However,":[18],"the":[19,27,55,110,139,143,160,190,195,202,206],"swift":[20],"progression":[21],"quantum":[23,83],"computing":[24],"has":[25],"made":[26],"security":[28,118,158,170,209],"privacy":[30],"grid":[33,106],"communications":[34,107],"a":[35,90,153],"pressing":[36],"vital":[38],"issue.":[39],"Although":[40],"considerable":[41],"studies":[42],"have":[43],"been":[44],"carried":[45],"out":[46],"authentication":[48,95],"key":[50,97],"agreement":[51,98],"within":[52],"grids,":[54],"predominant":[56],"body":[57],"solutions":[59],"either":[60],"come":[61],"with":[62,131],"substantial":[63],"computation,":[64],"communication,":[65],"storage":[67],"overheads,":[68],"or":[69],"primarily":[71],"single-layer":[72],"schemes.":[73],"More":[74],"importantly,":[75],"they":[76],"not":[78],"designed":[79],"to":[80,137,146,172,182],"withstand":[81,183],"advanced":[82,117,187],"attacks.":[84],"In":[85],"this":[86],"paper,":[87],"we":[88],"propose":[89],"novel":[91],"quantum-safe":[92],"cross-layer":[94],"protocol,":[99],"named":[100],"QCL<inf":[101,124,162,197],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[102,125,163,198],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">aka</inf>,":[103],"for":[104],"that":[108,194],"overcomes":[109],"shortcomings":[111],"existing":[113],"approaches":[114],"offers":[116],"functionality":[120],"features.":[121],"proposed":[123,161,196],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">aka</inf>":[126,164,199],"protocol":[127,165,200],"integrates":[128],"lattice-based":[129],"cryptography":[130],"probability":[132],"physical":[133],"unclonable":[134],"function":[135],"(Prob-PUF)":[136],"enable":[138],"local":[140],"gateway":[141],"meter":[145],"mutually":[147],"authenticate":[148],"each":[149],"other":[150],"establish":[152],"secure":[154],"session":[155],"key.":[156],"is":[166],"assessed":[167],"through":[168],"formal":[169],"verification":[171],"highlight":[173],"its":[174,180],"safety":[175],"adversarial":[177],"environments":[178],"ability":[181],"both":[184],"well-known":[185],"cyberattacks.":[188],"Additionally,":[189],"experimental":[191],"evaluation":[192],"shows":[193],"outperforms":[201],"benchmark":[203],"schemes":[204],"regarding":[205],"performance":[207],"efficiency.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2026-02-06T00:00:00"}